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Full text of "Sovetish Heymland 1961 1"

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2 


4 


ืงืข ืฉื™ ื”ื• 6 ืืฉ 0 - = 
ื–ื™0 ืืจืื• ืจ'ื˜-ืง'ื™00/ืžืจ'ืกืื•- 


ื 
ื˜ืข 


ืฉื™ ื‘ืข ืฉืฉ ื”ืฒื‘ ืขื” ืค ืื”ืงื‘ืืœืขื— = ื•ื• ื” ืž ื˜ื™ืฉ 


44 


ื™ื•ืœ ืื•ื• ื’ื•ืกื˜ 


2 


ื•ื˜ 9ื• 


ืคืืจืœืื’ ;ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ" 


2 0 =  - !/ 


ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืก ืจ ืขื‘ 2 
ื™ืขื›ื•ื™ึทืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ ืคืœืขืœ.--- 

ื ืžืืžืข. -- ืฉื• ืจ. -- ื™ื•ื ื’ ื’ืจืึธื–.--- 
ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง. --- ืžื• ืŸ ืžืืžืข --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืŸ 
(ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจ ืก ื’ืก 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 


. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 


ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื•ืืจื“ืึดื•- 


ืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผ ืจืึธืงืึธืคื™ืขื•. 


ืŸ. -- ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื“ื˜ื•ื ื’ (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) . 
ื™ืื ืงืขืฐื• ืฉื˜ืขื•ื ืคืขืจื’. ืจ 
ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืกื ืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ืื ืข. -- ื 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. --- ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื. -- ืฉื˜ืึธืง-ื“ืขืžืขืจ-ื’ืจื•ื™ (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 
ืžืึธื˜? ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืจื™- 
ืžืึธื“ื’ื ืก. -- ืงืึธื ื’ืึธ. -- ืื™ืŸ ืงืื“ื•ืขื•ื•ืงืข. 


-- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“. --- ื ื‘ื•ื™ื. --- ืœื•- 
ื“ืขื“ ืึธืŸ ื ืคืึธืฃ. -- ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื’ืŸ 


(ืงื•ืจืขื”)ืฉ โ€ ืก 2 2 ื˜ื™ : 
ื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื– ืืฒึทื˜ืžืื˜ืึธื•. ื“ื–ืฉื- 
ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ--ืฉ. ื’ ืึท ืจืฉ ืžืืŸ 
ื™ืข ืจืขืคื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ืข ืก! 6.8 
ื–ื™ืืžืข ืœืขืก ื“ื™ ืกืœืืฐื™- 
ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจ... 


ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
4 


ืจ 


0 


61 


81 


-= ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืš (ืœื™ื“ ืขืจ 


ืจื™ืฐืข ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจืขืœืขืก. ื ืคื•ื ืง. -- ืื™ืŸ 


ื™ื™ ื’ืจ) ื™ื ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœืžืึธื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 


ืจื™ ื’ื- 


ื‘ืจืึทืžื‘ืขืจื’. ื™ื• 


1 ืฉ ืฐื™ื“ 
ื’ืืจื™ืŸ.. -- ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ . (ืœื™ืจืขืจ) . 
ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืื‘ ื™ืŸ. ืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. --- ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืฆืขืค (ื“ืขืจืฆืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ) 
ื™ืึธืก? ืœืขืจื ืขืจ. ื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฃ 


ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 1 
ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืกืืœ 

ื’ืื“ื. -- ืืŸ ืขืจื  

ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) . . 
ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื™ืื ืืฐืกืง 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“... (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 

ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ึผื•ืฐื•ืž ืืŸ ืœ 

ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื›ื ืจื™ื.ืฅ 

ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืก (ืœื™ื“ ืขืจ : 8 2 

ืฉื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ื–. ืฐืขื ื“ืจ ืึธ ืฐ. ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ -- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 


ืจ ื•ึผ 


ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ื ืจ ื˜ื 2 
ื ื•ื• | ืึธื ื’ ืึธื  ื˜ ื ืจ. ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 
ื”. ืจืข, ืž ืžืข ื ื™ืง. ืฐ. ื’. ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืฆื• 
ืฒึทืŸ 190-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). --.ื. ืค ืจ ืฒึท. 
ื“ื™ ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก. -- ื . 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ื’ ื ื‘ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. -- 9. 
ื ื™ืืง. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืข- ืค ืืœ ืง ืึธ ืฐ ื™ื˜ ืฉ. ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท ืคืืจืŸ 


97 
99 


100 


102 


106 


ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. 


ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข: ื . ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื. ื’ืึทื ื˜ืืจ, ื”. ื“ืึทื‘ื™ืŸ, ืž. ื˜ื™ืฃ, ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ, 
ื™. ืคืืœื™ืงืžืืŸ, ืก. ืคืจืฒึท, ืจ. ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. 


12--{ 


ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ 


ืืฑืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึทึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจืข 
ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ืื“ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ึดืืœื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ื–ื -- ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึทื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืขืกื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜; ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ื–ื? 

ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ื–ื -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงืœืืกื ืœืึทื–ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืืœืคืึทืœืงื™ืฉ ืืฒื’ื ื˜ื•ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื•ืฆื™ืจ-ืžื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืŸ, ืคื•ืœืข ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜; ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื•ื•ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ืื ืื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืืฑืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืืœืข ืงื•ืืœืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ืฐืขืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืœืฒืฆืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทื ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืกืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืฆื™ืค ,ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ -- ืœืฑื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขื™ึดืงืฒึทื˜, ื™ืขื“ืŸ -- ืœืฑื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ". ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ื–ื - ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื– ื ื”ืฑืš ืึทืจ- 
ื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจืฐืืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืžื™ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืฑืœื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึทืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืœืก ื ืฑื˜- 
ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืืฒื ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื–, ืื– ื–ืฒ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœืง. 


ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธึทื™ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ! 


ื™ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ื™ื™. ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ืฒึทืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื•ืœ, 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืคืœื™ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื 
1 ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. ,...ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื . ืก. ื›ืจื•ืฉื˜ืฉืึธืฐื•, --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ื’ืขื“ืื - 
ืงืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืขึทื™ึดืง ืฆื• ื‘ื- 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ืฆื• ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืื•ืคื˜ื•ืขืฃ"? 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื. ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืขืงื˜ืืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจื“, ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก, 
ืฆืขื›ืŸ, ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, 


ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“ื™ื™. ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืกื™ืจืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืคืืจ 
ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื ื™ื•ื•ืึธ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืจืขื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ, 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 1921 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืข ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“...ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 


4 


ื‘ื•ื ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฉืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืคืืจื‘ื ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื . ืก. ื›ืจื•ืฉื˜ืฉืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ึตืœ ืฉืึทืœืึธื›ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ื™ืฆืข 
ื•ื•ืขืฉืขื ืกืงืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืึธืจื˜-ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจ: ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ. 

ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข. ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืฉืื - 
ืจืขืŸ. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืืคึผืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืง. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš ืคืืจืŸ 
ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืก ื™ืึธืจืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืคื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 

ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจื™- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึท- 
ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐื™ ืจืฒึทืคืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก, 
ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’. 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 


ื• 
ื• 
ื• 
ื™ 


ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืืจ -ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืก ื“ืึธืจืคืก-ืœืขืจืขืจ. 


ื ื‘ื™ืข), 


ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ึนื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1928. ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 


ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•. 


= 


ืœืืกื˜-ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ 
ื›ื ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ ื–ืืžื“. 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื• 
ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ึนืคึผืข ื–ืืžื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ. 
ืขืงืกืงืื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ, 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืึถืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืฃ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ื•- 
ื ืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืŸ. ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจื’ืขื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืขื, ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ื 


ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘? ื–ืฒึทื ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื‘ื™ืงืขืก, ืื™ึผื– ื ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืืžื“, { 0 ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคื•ืœืข ืคึผืึธืœืข, 
ื–ื™ ืคืืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ึนื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืจืืฉื™ืง ืืจืึธืคึผื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–: ื ื–ืืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื- 
ืกืขืจืคืืœ -- ื’ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘? ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธ- 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขื“ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื. ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขืžื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฆืขื›ื“ืืกื˜ืขื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ -- ืคื- 
ืจื™ื›ืŸ. ื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื ืฉื•ืœ-ื•ื•ื™ืจืข, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื•ึนืŸ ืืจื•ื, ืคืฐืค' ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืœืึธื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžื“, ื˜ื™ืคืข 
ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ 


ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 


ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืข ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืงืก ืขืœ- 


ืจื™ื–ื™ืจ. 
= ืฆื•ืจ. 


ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 


ื›'ืคืœืขื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ืงืฐืขื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืงื ืขืžืขื ืขื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœื™ื™ื, ื• 1 
ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ ืฆื• ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ 
ื•ื‘ (ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื’ื™ืง ื“ื™ ,ืขืจื“ืŸ"), ืื™ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืง ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 0 ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ, ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจ ืจืฒึทื–. ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธื›ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ืื˜ืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ืข ื‘ื 

ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ -- ื“ื™ ,ืžืื›ืœืึธื‘ืึธื™ืงืข". 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 8 
1 


: 
ืฆ 

: : 0 

ื”ื™ื™, ืืœื™ืง, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืก?, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคืกื˜ 


ืื–ื•ื™? 
ืืœื™ืง ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœื“. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืคืื“ื™ืกืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื• 


- ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืœึธื™ืŸ.. 


ืก"ืืก1 


ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืจ, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื: 

-- ืึถื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื 
ื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืŸ 


ื“ืึธ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืขื ื˜ื™- 
ืืข ืคึผืึธื–ืขืก! 


0 


ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจื™ืฅ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขื“ืื•ื•. ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืฒ- 
ื•ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืœ. ื 12 ืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ึผืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ, ืืฃ ื ืกืืš 
ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก, ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื›ื- 
ืงืื˜. 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืงืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืคื˜ืœ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ! --- ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ.. 

ื‘ื™ื›ืœื?ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืึท- 
ื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืื›ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ; 


-- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™.... ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืค?ืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืž- 
ืกืึธืžืึธืœ? 

-- ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ... -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ื ืงืึธืžืคืึธืžืึธืœื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 


ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืœืืก ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ื˜... 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคืืจื˜ืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ, 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื ื‘ื™ืก? ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฒื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜. ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•, 
ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžืขืจืขืจ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื•. 

= - ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ-ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 
ื˜ืืงืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื’ืจืึธื ืึธื. ื›'ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ: ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงืขืจื˜, ืฆื™ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, -- 
ื ืึธืจ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™. ืื–ื•ื™, ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ ื ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืข- 
ืจืข ื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืข --ื•ื•ื™ื™-ืฐื•ื™ื™. ื“ืึธ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, 


ื˜ืื˜ืข 


ืคึผืึธืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึถื ืขื ืื™ืจืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ: 


ืื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื ืข, ื“ื™ ื 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืกืืš ืขื - 
ืœืขื›ืก,, ื›ืื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– : ื ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืงืข, ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืงืืจืฉืšืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื•ื ืข-- ื ืคื•ืœืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื ืขื 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ืฆืขืคึผ ืืคืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 


ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ื 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ืฉื•ืœ? ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืข- 
ื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ-ื”ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ?. ื ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข 


ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื‘ืœื ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื›ืžื•ืจืข 


ื”ื™ื™ื, -- ืื– ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื’ืืจ ื’ืึธื›ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฆ ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, โ€ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืื›ืžืื ืขืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื. 
-- ื›ืืฐืขืจ ืื’ืจืึธื ืึธื, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, --ื 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื  
ื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืฐืึธืก? 


ื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ- 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ,, ืฐืึธืก 


ืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 7 ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฆื˜. 
-- ื›'ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, --ื›'ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ืค, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธ ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื™ 


ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! 
-- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, -- ืžืืš ืื™ืš, -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
-- ื™ืึธ, ื˜ื™ืึธื˜ื™ืข ืื’ืืคื™ืข, ื™ืึธื• 


ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืข- 


ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš: ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื™ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื“ืขื“ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ืืœืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ 

ืคึฐืจื•ึดืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื, ื ืึธึถืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ืื•ื™ื’. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืขืœืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ื ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ? ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืข : ื 

ืื™ื– ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ืกืืš, ื‘ื™ื• ืžืข ื’ืขืžื˜ ื 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™? 

ื ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ืค'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 


ื 


ืื™ ื“ืขืจ 


ืœืึธื“ื ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืก ืžืขื‘? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื™ื•ื ื’; 
ืฉื•ืœ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. 

ื ืงื™ืœืขืจ ืกืึธืคื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื - 
ืžืขืจืŸ' ื•ื•ืขืœื“?. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื ืื›ื˜-ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจืคื˜ื•ื•ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืข. ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื” 
ืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœืืกื˜ืขื• ืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ-ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืืœืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื˜ื™ื›? 
ืื›ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ื–ื•ื™ ื ืžื™ืฆืœ, 


ืขื’ืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


7 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื“ื‘ืขื˜, ืฆืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•- 
ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ื- -ื•ืืœ, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืก, ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืงืขืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™?ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ืจืก ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืคืœืืžื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ -- ืงืœืืคึผื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื“ืขื’ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื–ื•ื™-ืึธ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื˜ื ื–ืื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื›ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ... ื›/ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜!.. 
ืฆื™ืžืขื“ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื“ืŸ, ืขืคื ื˜ ื 
ืฆื™ื˜ ืื“ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธื‘, 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืง ื‘ืจื™ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื“. ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืœืš ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ 
ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื“ืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ- 
ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข: ืขืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 


- 
= 
+ .- = 
:6 
12 
= 
ื–ื™ืŸ 


1 
ื ื’ื•ึน ืึธื“ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื ื™ื ืข ืื”ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžืขืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืœืื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ื ืฉ ื˜ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฆืขืคึผ ืคืืจื‘ืฒื ืœื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ -- ืžื™ื“-ืคืืจืฉืžืึธืœื˜ืข, ืคืืจ- 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืข. 
ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืขืžื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจื™- 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ. ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, 


ื ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื ื™ืง. ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืข ื”ืืจื™ืฅ-ืื˜ืืง. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืื“ื’ืœื™ืฐืขืจื˜ืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืœืึทืฆื˜ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, ืึธึถืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืจ.- 

ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืื“ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜. ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื“ืื ืงืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฑืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผื“ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืงืืžืคืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืื ืงื ืก 
ื”ืื ื˜, ื’ืขืคืึธื›ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒึท ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื ื’ืื ; ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืš ืงืจืื ืงื ืก ื‘ืขื˜, 
ืืœืขืžืืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืœืขืคืœ ื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืง; 

-- ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ.. 


ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืข- 


ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ื–ื™ื ืขืก ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื›ื‘ืืงืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 


ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคืœืืžื˜. ืืฃ ื ื™ื ืขืก ืฐืฒึทืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขื“ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ื–ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืกืืš. ื ื™ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ... 

ื™ืึธ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื ืกืืš 
ืขื ืœืขื›ื. ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื“ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.. 


ืขื’ ื’56- 


ืคื“ื™ืœื™ื ื’. ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื•ื™ื ืง? ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก- 

ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ! ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืง ื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข ื–ื•ืŸ-ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืกื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืกืงืก ืžื- 
ืžืขืฉ ืคืืจ. ื ื ืื›ื˜, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื˜ ื’ืจืึธื–. ื’ืจื™- 
ื ืข, ืฆืืจื˜ืข ื’ืจืึธื–-ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืข, ื’ืœืื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ? ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ: 
ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื“ืึธืฆื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื•ืงื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื•ืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, ื”ืืœื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื–-ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 


ืจื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“. 

-- ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืก? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื ืขื ืื™ืš? --ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืค- 
ื”ื™ื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื–ื•ื™-ืึธ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืืงืกืœ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ โ€ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืคึนึผืึธืจ ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜? 

-- ื’ืจืึธื–!.. -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธื–ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ. --- ื™ื•ื ื’ ื’ืจืึธื–!. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืขื? 

ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ื ื“ืจืฒ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืจืขื’ืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ืขืก ื ื™ื˜... ืื™ืš ื’ืœืขื˜ ืขืก.. 


(68 


ืก'ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ืก. ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ืก. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฐืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, ืงืึธืจืคึผื•ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ -- ื 


ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืื“ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืžื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผืขื ืข ื“ืขื›ืขืจ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืฐื•ืึธื“-ืงืึธืจืคึผื•ืกืŸ ืฆื™ึถืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืง ื‘ืืŸ- 


ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืก ื‘ื•ืจืขืงืขื. 
ื ืืŸ ืจ ืฐืขื’ ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืืฉื™ื ืขืก. ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื”ื•ืจืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืกื™ื 2 ื–ืขืžืŸ - ืืข ืกืœื•ืคืขื, ื•ืื’ืึธ- 
ื ืขื˜ืงืขื. ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ื“ืš ืคืจื™ืฉ-ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืจื‘- 
ื˜ืข ื’ืื ืขืงืขืก, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. 

ื ื ืฒึท ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืขื˜? ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื™ืฉืข 
ืกื˜ืขืคึผืขืก. 

ืื ืฉืึธืกื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ : 

ืคืืจืงื•ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ื›ืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก. 

ื“ื™ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก-ื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆืขืจื•ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืงื•- 
ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืจืŸ: 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื™ึทืŸ? 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ = 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื 


ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ!.. -- 
ื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข -- 


ืื– ืื™ืš ื™ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื 
ื ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ื“ื•ืงื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ืฆื™ ื˜ืืงืข ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, 

ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืก, ืื™ื– ื›ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืฒื™ื“ืŸ ื 
ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•. 

ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื“ืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืงื™ื - 


ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ึถืขืœึถืข ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ื•ื•ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืฉ-ืจืึธื–ืขื•ื•ืข, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธืจ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืึธืœื“ื™ืง. 


ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ 6 ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืฉืืจืคืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ? ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืืจืฒื™ึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืข ืึธื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืžืื›ื–ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึธืŸ 


ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืฆื•ึถืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืข, ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ืฉืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ 


ื ื™ื’ืŸ 

ืฐื•ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืึธืข. ื–ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืฉ, ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ,ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš 
ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธ- 
ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. 

ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

--- ื•ื™ ืืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืžื™ื™ืจืขืœืข? 

-- ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจ ื›ื•ื™ืจืขืฉ 


ืžื™ 


ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื - 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืœืฃ! --ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืืจืฃ ืงืขืœืขื›ืœ 

ืคืืจ ื ื’ืข ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืขืก 


ื™ืจืขืœืข 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜? 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. 
ืืฃ ืงื•ืจืกืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืžื•- 
ืœื™ืขืจ, ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืคืขืจ- 
ืงืื‘ื™ื ืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืœืขื. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื ืืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ื–ืืš: 

ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข... ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขื“ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืึธืงืฒื™, ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก, 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื“ืš, ืฐื™ ื›ื ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. 

ื ื•, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข! 


ืขืจ ืื™ื– 


ืฆื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ืš 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ืขื ืขืจืŸ 


ืื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืœืืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืงืœื•ื’ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขื ืึธืคึผ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฆืขืœืฒืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึผืœืึธื’- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก. ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื ืงื•ืง ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

--- ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ื? 

ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ื”ืื ืึธืข ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืžืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ึนื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืึธืกื˜ืข ื”ืื ืึธืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืขื ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš, 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื–ืฒึท- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขื - 
ืกื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืืš, ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขื›/ 


1 


ื™ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืœ ื ื™ื™ - { ื™ื˜ 


4 

ื• 

ืฐ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1904 ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง. ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
/ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื‘ืข- 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
32. ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ- 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืฃ 


ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. : / 


ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ 


ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜, 

ื’ืขื–ื™ืคึผื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ, 
ื ืงื™ื ื“-- ืึทืงืึทืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 


ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืก'ืฐื•ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืฒื“. 

ืขืก ืฐืฒื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืก'ื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื–ืืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข.. 


ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืงื•ืžืกื˜ื•, ืงื™ื ื“, ืืฃ ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดึถืขืฉ? 

ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืกื™ื’ื ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืืจืขื ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื•? 


ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? 
ืขืก ืฐืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ืจืขืŸ 


ืึทื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜, 
ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืกืงืึทืœ ื–ืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืคืืœ, ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ, ืืฃ ื ื“ืืš: 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜, ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืฃ! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ! ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืืš! 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืขืก ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืจืฑึทืง ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 


ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื’ื ื“ืœ--ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืžืืœืงืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜... 


+ /*+ ื 


ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคึผืœืืคึผืœื˜, 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื ืึธื“, 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื”ืฒืก ื’ืขืฆืืคืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืฑืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜. 


ื“ืึท, ื‘ืื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜- ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจืขื ืื“ืขืก, 
ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืงืขืคื˜, 

ื“ืึทืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ื‘ืืจื™ืงืื“ืข, 

ืฐื•ึผ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืœืขื‘ื˜. 


ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืจืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืฒื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉื•ืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆืŸื•ื’ื™ืขืŸ-:ืฉื˜ืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ึทืŸ ื™ืง ื”ื™ 


ืก'ืงืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึท ืœืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ 

ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืจืขื’ื ื“ืœ ื’ืขืคึผืœืืคึผืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืœืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจืขืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืจ-- 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืื•ื•ืขืจ, 

ื ื™ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึทืก ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ, -- 

ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื™ืื˜, ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืืจืขืจ, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืœืขื ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ืึธ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืขืœืึทื›ืข ืื™ื–-- ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, 

ืื– ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื•ื›ืขืก, 

ืฐืฒึทืœ ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื• , ืกื™ื’ื ื•ื™ื•ื•", ืึทืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜--ืคื•ืŸ , ืœึตื•ื™"", 


ืึท, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข--ืคื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืข! 
ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื ื“ืœ-ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึธื›ื™ืงืข, 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜... 


ื +* ื 


ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืข... ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืขืœืข, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ื•, 
ืฆื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ื• ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึทืจืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื™"ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืข ื˜ื•ื–ืฉื•ืจืงืขื, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ื˜ืข, 
ืื™ืš--ื ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ื“ื•--- ื ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ. 
ืก'ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ 


11 


12 


ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืจืข: 

-- ื”ื™ื™, ื ื•ื•ืืจืข! ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืจืข! 
ืกื™ื’ืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข ืงืขืžืคืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืขืจื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ 

ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ.. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜, ื ืึทืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื“ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื˜ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืขืฉืืงืœืขืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ื”ืฑื–, 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืืฆื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, 
ื ืึทืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ืžืื™ืืงืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก -- 

1680! 

630111, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืคืฉื˜ืฒื ืก -- 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืฒืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืจื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืฒืขืŸ, 
ืฉืคึผืื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜! 


ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขื™ืึทืจ, ืฉืฐืขืจืขื™ืึทืจืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื’ื•ืคื™ื 
ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทืขืจืก ื˜ื•ื•ึผืข. 
ืฐื™ื ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข ืจืืกื™ื™ืข.. 


ืืŸ ื ื 


ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸื™ืขื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืขื™ืึธืจืŸ 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืŸ. 


ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืจืึทื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืงืื•ื•ืข 
ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื›ืขืก-ื™ืึทืžื™ื, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืก ืœืื ื“ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืืงื ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืžืึทืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืงืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืฒื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืืœืฅ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ื– ืงื™ื“ืขืจ-ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ.. 


ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, 

ืฐื•ึผ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฒ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ , 
ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึท ื’ืขืจืขื’ื ื˜ -- 


ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขืก, 
ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืขื ื“ืขื˜. 


ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื“ืึทืจื˜, ืืฃ ื ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืœ, 
ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, ื ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข.. 


ื›'ื”ืึทื‘ ื“ืึทืก ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, 
ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 


...ืืžืึธืœ, ื’ืึทืจ ืืžืึธืœ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื–ืึทืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื“. 


ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื•ืฐื•ืขื’ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื ืžืืœืขืš ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืฒื™ื ื˜. 


-- ืฐืึทืก ืฐื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“?-- ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืงืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜.-- 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืคืืจื‘ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜? ื“ื• ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’? 


-- ืึท, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•, ื–ืึธื’, -- ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜, -- 
ืฐืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืฆื•ื’ ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ? 


-- ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืฐืขืœื˜, ื–ืึทื’ืกื˜ื•? ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ 


-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื’ื˜: 
ื ืฆื•ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ื™ืึทื’ื˜.. 


-- ืฉื, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืคืืจืืŸ, 
ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจืฑืกืŸ ืงื•ืจื’ืืŸ. 


-- ืื™ื– ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื ืฉืคื™ืœื›ืœ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 


-- ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ, 
ืขืจ ื”ืฒืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืึทืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื•.. 


-- ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืงืจืื ืง? ื“ืึทืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืฒ? 
ืื™ื– ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื˜".. 


-- ื“ืึทืจื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืฉืœืฒึทืคื˜ ื ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื™ืฅ. 


-- ืื™ื– ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึผืืงืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืข, ื“ืึทืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ื, 
ืฐืึทืก ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฆื˜.. 


-- ื–ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื, 
ื–ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื... 


* * * 


ื“ืึท ืืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืœืขื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืก ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืข ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืฆืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 


ืื™ 


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ื ืึทืจ, ืฐืฒ ื ืฉืคืืจื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจืขืŸ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ืจืขื’ื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขื•ื˜, 

ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ 

ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ืึทืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธืงืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืก ืฆืืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจืื ื“ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืฉืืจืฃ ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืงื™ืœื™ื’ืึทืœื“ื™ืง, 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืจื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืœืงื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทืœืŸ. 


ืจื™ืฉ-ืจืืฉื™ืง ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืขืฉื›ืฑืจืขื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืึทืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜- ื’ืขืคืืจ, 

ืฐืึทืก ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื“ื™ึดืึท ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื ื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืŸ ืฉืœืึทืฃ, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืกื™ืจื•ื˜ ื“ืึทืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื˜ืขืžื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืข ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ -- 

ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขืฅ ื ื˜ืขืžืคื™ืง-ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ 


ื ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืข, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืืฆื˜.. 
ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืคืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜- ื”ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ 

ื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืขืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื’?.. 


.ืขืจ ื’ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืก ืฆื• ื’ืืก, 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื›ืึทืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืคืœื™ืงื˜ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ึดืึทื™ื”ื™ืœื›ืขืจ ื ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืข: 

ืขืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืœื™ืข. 


ืžืข ื–ืึทื’ื˜, ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื ื–ืึทืงืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ืคืืจืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ืŸ: 

ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก, ืžื™ื ืขืก, ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื˜, 

ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ. 


ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืงื ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ 

ื”ืึทื˜ ื•ื™ ื’ืขื›ืจื™ืคืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืกืข: 

ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘! ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื– ืืฒึทืš ื ื’ืขืฉืื ืง-- ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึทืก ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ืืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืข. 


ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจืขืŸ: 
ื ื™, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึทึธืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื›ืึทืœืขื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื ื ืฒึทื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืขืœืึทืœืข. 


*ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืคืืจ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื™ืงื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ, 
ื‘ืจื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืฐืขื‘ืœ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ--ื ื‘ืื’ืขืจ: 

ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 


ื“ื™ ื™ึทืฉืขืฐื•-ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ื“ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜, 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืืคืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขืžืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข ืขืก ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉืจืฒึทื˜: 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 


ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜--ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜--ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืขืคืืกื˜ื•ื™ืืจ, 
ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆืืคืœื˜ืข ื–ื™ ืจืืฉื˜ 

ืœืขื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืœืขื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืฑืขืจ. 


ืก'ื’ืฒื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ื™ืื•ืŸ-ืงืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืง ืื•ืŸ-ืคืืง, 
ื–ืขื˜! ื–ืขื˜! ื“ื™ ืคืฒื’ืœ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ, 
ื–ืฒ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืึทื‘ืœืขืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื˜ืืคื˜, 
ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืึท ืคืืจืคึผืขืกื˜ืขื˜. 


-ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืคืืจื“ืฒึทื’ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 

ืฐืึทืก ืื™ืก ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืึทื“ 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื˜ืื˜ืข.. 


ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื ืึทื“ืขืœืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืคืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืจื ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื–ืื ื’-- 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข.. ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 


ืก'ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜, 

ื ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืฉืœืึทื’ืŸ, 
ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื™ืึธื’ื˜, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 


ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื˜, 
ื›'ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ืื’ืื–ืœื˜ืขืจ? 

ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืึท ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืื–ืœื˜ืึทื•ื•... 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ-- ืขืก ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืจืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื– -- ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜, 
ืคืืจื”ืืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ.. 


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ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื’. ืขืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืึทืจื’ืŸ. 

ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื˜, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืœืฅ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืœื•ืฆืขื ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜, 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืึทืŸ ื ืงืืฅ ื‘ืื ืืฑืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืœื˜.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืจื• ืฆืขืคืœื™ืงื˜ 

ื ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ืงืœืืค ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืฆื™ืงืœ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ, ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง-ืจืืฉ, 

ืฆืขืฉื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืื™ื–: ืคืืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืจืฉืืก! 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑื™ื˜-- ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืขืฉื™ื™ืคืข ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ! 


ื–ื™ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื‘ืื ื’ืึทืจื’ืœ ืึธ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ื’ืืœื™ืง ืžื•ืจืžืœื˜: 
ื›ื™ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืŸ! 
ื ืกืึธืฃ! ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘! 


..ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืฆืึทืจื ื˜ืข ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 

ืฐื™ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืึทืจื’ืŸ. 

ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื˜, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืœืฅ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืคืœื•ืฆืขื ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ 


ื™ืึท, ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื -- ื”ืึทื˜ ืคืฒึทืฐืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ -- 
ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจืฑึทืงืข ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืืฒึทืœื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืคืจืึทื ื˜, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜. 


ืื™ * ื 


ืื”ื™ืŸ!-- ืฐื•ึผ ืกื™ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ืึทืจ! 

ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ.. 

,ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœ ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืึทืจ!"-- 
ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกื™ืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ, ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืคืขืœื“!--ื ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืกื˜ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึทืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืฒึทื‘ ื’ืขืคืจืขืกื˜ืœื˜.. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืืก ื ืึทืš ื’ืืก -- 
ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื— ืฉืฑืŸ, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืข.. 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ... 


ื ืึทืจ ื“ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื‘ืจืึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืขืงืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ: 


1--3 


,ืฉื˜ืฒ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜, 
ื”ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื’ ืืฃ ืืฑื’ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื, -- 
ืฐืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืขื?" 


ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ื–ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื, ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืŸ: 
ืฐืึทืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ? 

ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื ืจืฑึทืงืŸ, ื ื–ืื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, 

ืคืืจื ืขื ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื‘-ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืฃ! 

ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“! ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ! 
ื ื›ืึธืœืขื ื ืึธืจ, ื ื–ื™ื™ืคื ื‘ืœืึทื–... 


ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ืืคืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ื ื™ื˜ -- 


ื ืึทืจ ื’ืึทืจ ื ื”ืึทื–... 


ืื–ื•ื™ -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืื›ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืงืกื™ืึทืจืŸ , ืฆื™ืœืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื•ืขืฅ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ... 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœ-- 
ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜: 

ื™ืขื’ืึทืจืก ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš-ืงื ืืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืฆื™ืงืœ: 

-- ื™ืขืคื™ื! 


ื ืจื•ืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื˜ืื˜ืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ื“ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืœืืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜.. 
ื ื•, ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืข-ื‘ืจืื˜, ืงื•ื ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, 

ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ื• ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉื ืก? 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜: 
ื ื•, ื˜ื• ืฐื™ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜... 

ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืคืœืฑื“ืขืจืŸ.. 

ืฐืขืจ ืงืึทืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืข?.. 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš.. 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, 
ื’ืขืฆื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืคืขื“ืขืžืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”"ืŸ.- 


17 


ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขื’ืึทืจ -- 

ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, 

ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืงื™ื ื‘ืืงืŸ, 

ื ื”ืฒึทืคืœ ืœืฒึทืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืฉืขืฐืขืœื™ื•ืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ื‘ืœื™ืžืœื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ.. 
ื™ืขื’ืึธืจ! ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืจืึทืกืฒื™ืื ืขืจ, ื™ืขื ืข, 

ืฐืึทืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึทืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 

ื ื‘ืืจื’ ื ื”ืฒื‘ ื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืึทื ืคืืจืฆืืžืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ื˜ืฑื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื‚ื ึทื™, 

ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ - ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข -- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืคืืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื ืฒ, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœืึทืงืขืจื˜, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื ืคืขื ืขืฆืœ 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทืงืŸ... 


..ื“ืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืขืก ืžืฑื™?,-- 

ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, 

ื”ืึทื˜ ืึทืคึผื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืœืขืš-ื”ืืจื˜: 

;ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฑืก, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ืฉืŸ.." 


,8 ืžืืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜!-- 
ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆืฐืฒ ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ื™ืึทื’ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 

ืืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืึทื˜ืึทืฆื™ืงืœ. 


* * * 


ืื•ื•ึผ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืก ืคืืจืœืึทืคืŸ, 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืึทืŸ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ, 

ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืืจืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ืกืืคึผื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืืœื™ืึทืŸ? 


ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืœื‘ืขืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, -- 
ื™ืึท, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืกืขืœืข ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ืงืข-ืงืืฉืข, 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืกืฑื™ื ืขืก ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื’ืฒืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, -- 
ื™ืึธ, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐื•ึผืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ื ืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 

ืฐื™ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜. 


ื™ืึธื•ื™ืึท! ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ - ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 

ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆืึทืจืข, ื•ื™ ื“ืึทืก ,,ืฉื™ื™ื“-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจื™, ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ืฐืขืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืงืข", 

ืžืข ื’ืฒื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก. 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ื™ืขื’ืึธืจืก--ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฐื•ื ื ื‘ืืจื™ืงืื“ืข, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฅ: 


ื ื™ื˜ืึท, ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ.. 


ื ื™ื˜ืึท, ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื™ื™ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื™ืื ืขืฅ.. 


ื“ืึธ, ืืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื– ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ืฆื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ, 

ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 

ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืขืจ. 


1 * ื 


ื’ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื’ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืขื™ืึทืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜ืŸ -- 
ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืŸ. 


ืฉื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืžืืœืงืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ 
ืงืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืึทืคึผ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื–ื•ืžืขืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื ืฒึทืข, 
ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ื ืึทืš ื ื›ืžืืจืข. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืฐื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืขื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืขืก. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื›ืึทืœืขื, 
ื ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืœืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ-- ื˜ื™ืคืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื–ืื’ืกื™' ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืœืžืึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœืžืขืŸ.. 

ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึทืจืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ -- 


ื ืึทืจ ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืฃ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืจืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืคืื ื˜ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืืกืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืขื›ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืึทื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืข -- 


19 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืจืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ื–ืฒ ืงืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืคืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ... 
ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืข! ืคืจืขื’ื•, ืฐืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืฐืขืŸ?-- 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืคึผ--ื ืžืื–ืœื‘ืจืึทื›ืข, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒื ืขื ื’ื™ื ื’ืึทืœื“, 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื ืฒึทื ื’ืœ. 


ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจืŸ, 
ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืฒึทื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื’ืึทืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืืจืžืข 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืึทืจืŸ. 

ื ื : 
ื ืคืขืœื“. ื ื•ื•ืืœื“. ืืจื•ื -- ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืš. 
ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื ืึทืจ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, 
ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜, ืขืจ ื™ืึทื’ื˜, ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, 

ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืขื“. 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืืœืงืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ืก ืฉื˜ืจืืœ-ืจืฒื™ืฅ 
ืฐืขืงื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ืึทืกืคืŸ ืงืœืขืคื™ืง ื˜ืขืจืคืงืข, 
ื–ืข, ื–ืข! ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืžื‘ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’, 
ื•ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ. 


ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืก ืงืœื™ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืข ืฐืึทืœืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืืคื˜ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืงื™ืคืืจื’ืืคื˜ืขืจ.. 


ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! -- ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื -- 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜, 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืคื™ื›ืข, ื“ื™ ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, : 

ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜! ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึทืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื–ื™ ืœืฑืขืจื˜! 


ืึท, ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜, 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™, ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜! 

ืื– ืจืฑื™ืง ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ ื–ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ 

ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’... 


ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฐื™ื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืืคืคืŸ... 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืง-ืคืืจื’ืืคื˜ืขืจ. 


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ืื™ ื ืื™ 


ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฑืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจืฑืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจื›ืึทืœืขืžื˜.. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื ืคื™ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 

ืงืœืึทื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืŸ ,,ืื™ื™ืœ ืžืึทืœืข". 


ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ-ื’ืขืคืœืขื›ื˜, 

ืฐืขืจ ื ืึทืš, ืฐื™ ื ืคืฑื’ืœ, ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ 

ื“ืขื ืฆืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืœืึทืœืขื“ื™ืง ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ. 


ืึท, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜! ืกื™ืงืœืึทื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืขื ื™ืจืขืจื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื™ืึทืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื‘ืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืฐืึทืจื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜: 

ืฐืขืงื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืจื’ืœืึทื–ืข, ื˜ืฑื‘ืข! 


ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืก'ื’ืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜, ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืงืฒื ืข? 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืข ื“ืขื ืกืื, 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืงื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืขืจ. 


ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข-ืืœืžืึทื ืขืก! ื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืงืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขื ื˜, 
ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœืฒ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, -- 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึทืŸ ื–ืฒ ืืฃ ืงืขืค ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, 
ืฐืึทืก ื’ืฒืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจืœืขื ื“ืŸ 


ื ืฒึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจื•ื; ื ื™ื™ืŸ; ื ื™ื˜ืคืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ึฐืึฒืงึตืŸ=- 
ื ื›ืืค ื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืœืขื˜ืŸ 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ืฒืขืจ ืื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, 
ื ืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืŸ! 


ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื›ืœืข ืœื•ืคื˜, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ -- 
ืคืืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืฉืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฐืขืก, 
ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ, 
ื“ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ-- ื“ืขืจ ืžืืœื›ืืžืึทื•ื•ืขืก. 


;ืึท, ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ" -- 
ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืงื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš 

ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ-ืœืื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ืงืขืจ. 


ืฐื•ึผ ืœืขื‘ืกื˜ื• ืื™ืฆื˜? ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื• ืื™ืฆื˜, 
ื“ื• ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืจื™ืขืจ, 

;ืึท, ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ" 

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืืจื™ืข! 


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29 


ืฐื™ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึทืก ืงื ืฑืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื“ืื ืขืง. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืกื˜ื• ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 

ื‘ืื ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืงืข, 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ื ืึทืš ื“ืขืจ ,,ื’ืึทื˜ืขืกื“ื™ื ืกื˜?, 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืกื˜ ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืœืกื˜ ื ,ืฐืขื ื˜ืขืŸ". 


ืื™ืš ืฐืฒืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึทืก ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ืขืกื“ืŸ, 

ื ืึทืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืง! ื‘ื™ื– ื•ื•ืืŸ ื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืกื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึทึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ! 


ืึธื˜ ื“ืึท, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
'ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคืืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืŸ, 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฒื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ื“ื™ืš ื›ืืคืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืึทืจื’ืœ. 


ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฉืื›ื˜ืข-ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืขืก, 
ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื ืขืจื™ืงืจืืคื˜, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคืืจืžืขืงืŸ.. 


ื 4 * 


ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืฆืขื˜ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืœ-- ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืœ, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื’ --ื ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืงื•ืงื˜,--- ืขืก ื˜ืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืคื™ืฆื™ื ืง ืฉืจืฒึทืคืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืœ.. 


ืื–ื•ื™, ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš, ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืคืฒึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื’ืึทืจ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจืขืœืขืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืœื›ืืžืึทืฐืขืก ืคื•ืœืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธื‘, 

ืฐืึทืก ืฐื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืึทื˜, 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื˜ืจืึทืคึผื ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขืจื™ื–ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, 

ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธึทืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจืง ืืฃ ื“ืจืึทื˜, 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื”ืฒึทืคืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 


ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืข ืคืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื˜, 
,;ื“ืึทืก ื”ืืจืฅ -- ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜!* (ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืœืืฆืŸ!, 
ืฐื™ ืฆืฐืฒ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืขื ื™ื˜, 

ื–ืฒ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืึทืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข. 


ื ื™ืฆ === 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืžืืจื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืขืก ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืคืขืœ: 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜! 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืืจื–ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืจ". 


 +โ€ * ื 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืจื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึทืœืงืŸ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฆืืคึผืœื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœืขืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜. 


ืคืจืฒืœืขืš ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจืขื ืขืŸ, 

ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ึทืึทื™ื’ืึทืจื’ืœ: 
ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ! ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ! 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ืืจืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืืจ! 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืื›ื•ื•ืข, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื 

ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืข, 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ื”ืŸ.. 


ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ, 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ื’ื•ื™ืžืœ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ: 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขื  ื–ืฒื™, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ? 

ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ -- 
ืฉืจืฒึท ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜! 


ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื“ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ 
. ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืžืœื˜, 

ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฐื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ 
ืึทืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ืœื›ื˜.. 


ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ื ืฉืฐืึทื ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ 
ืงื ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืค ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ. 
ืฐืึทืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื–? ืฐืึทืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื’ืืกืŸ 

ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš: 


-- ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜.. 
-- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืืจืึทืค ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึทืŸ.. 

-- ื ืึทื›ืืžืึทืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜, ื’ืขื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜.. 

-- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ืึทื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื... 
-- ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ.. 

-- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคืืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ.. 

-- ืฆื™ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืคืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึทืก.. 
-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืคืฉืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ... 

-- ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ! ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืึท ื–ืึธื’ืŸ.. 


28 


ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฑืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืฑื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืืœ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืŸ ืฆืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœ ื ืึทืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื ืคื™ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 

ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืŸ , ืื™ื™ืœ-ืžืึทืœืข?. 


ื ืึทืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืงืœืขืžืขืŸ, 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš: 

ื ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืข ืงืœืืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืงืœืืคื˜, -- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืขืžืข: 


! ...ืืžืึทืœ, ื’ืึทืจ ืืžืึทืœ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 


ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื–ืึทืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื“. 


ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ ื ืึทืš ืื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜-- 
ื’ืฒื˜ ื ืฐืึทืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืขืคืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜. 


ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืก'ื’ืฒื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฑืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื˜. 


ืžืข ื’ืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืขืก, ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื˜-ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืขื ืฅ. 


-- ื”ื™ื™, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ!-- ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื˜? 


-- ื“ื• ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒื“ืข? ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜? 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืฑื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื ื™ื™ืขืจื–.. 


-- ื˜ืึท ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืฐืึทืก ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ืกื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ.. 


-- ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! 


..ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขืกื™ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืฆื• ืœืื ื“. 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืงืŸ -- ืคึผืึทืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ื ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืฉืคึผืื ื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ื’ืฒื˜ ื ืฐืึทืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืขืคืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜.. 
9--1961. 


ื˜ืขืฐื™ืข ื’ืขืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืื™ืŸ ืฉื 


ืื“ืึธื•ื• (ืœื™ื˜ืข). ืคืืจ- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืืจืงืึทืฐืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ 
/ ืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื‘ืึธืžืข. ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1932. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืก- 


-ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื˜ 


(ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš) 


0 ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 19600. 


ืึธื’ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืื–ืœ. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™-ื”ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื’ 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืžืืกืžื™ื“, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™- 
ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก ,ื˜ืึธื’- 
ื‘ื•ืจ", ื ืขื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืžืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื ืงืœ, ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท 
ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื›ื•ื™ืจืขืฉ, ื™ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืึธ. ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืฉืึธ ื ื‘ื- 
ื ืื›ื˜ ื•ื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขื– ืืข 22 ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืœืึธืžืคึผ. ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืืœืข 
ื”ื™ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื–ืขืก, ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ื ืื›ื˜-ืฉืึธืขืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืื™ืึธืจ, ืคืืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ -ืื•ืคื’ื. 6 ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื”ืขืงื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ื ื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ืคืืš ื™ืึธื”ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. 

ื’ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜? ื ืึธืš 
ื ื ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผืœืฒึทืกื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืฃ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ 0 ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืžืขืกืœืขืก, ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื‘ืืืจื™ื›ืขืก ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืจืื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืจ -- ื ื- 
ืจื™ืฉืข) ืจื™ื™ื“. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืขืจ 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ... ืืคืŸ ื”ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืคืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืืกืžืึธื“ืข ืงืœืขื ืขืจ, ืขืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืืจืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืงื•ืจืฆืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ืœื- 


ืงืึธื ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ื“ ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
? ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืข ืขืจื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื– ื“ืœ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื–ื•: ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืคืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข? ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื›ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืืฃ ื ื”ืืœื‘ 
ืฐืึธื“ื˜. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื“ 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื , ืื™ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•" 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืขืจืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืงื˜ื•ื•ืืจื’. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื•ึนื™ืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื / 
ื”ืขืคื˜. ื–ื™ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ ืงืืจื˜ืึธื ืขื ืข ื”ื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ึนืค- 
ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธืก ืขื˜ื™ืงืขื˜? -- ืคืื—ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื ื˜, ื“ื™ ื›ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขืกืขื ืขื, ื ืืกืœืขืš-ืงืœืข- 
ืคึผื™ืงืŸ ืงื ื•ื™ืœ. ืื–ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 

ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืข ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื™- 
ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื˜ื•ืฅ. ื ืึธืจ 
ื›'ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืืคืกื ืฒึท, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ ืงื•ึดืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจ!- 
ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื - 
ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ื, ืื™ืžืคึผืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ืฐื•ืึธืก ืื–ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ืงืืžืื - 


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ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื›ื‘ืืจื- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื’ึผ ืžืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื•ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื”ืื’ืŸ ืคื• 
ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ื˜ืืžืื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืข 
ื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื’ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืจื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืคืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ื•ื“ืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื‘-ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ืฉื˜. ื“ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 1920 ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข- 
ืžืืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ืกื˜ 1941, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜- 
ืงืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื ืฉืœืืœ ืืง ืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉื ืขืจ ื”ื˜ืขืจื•ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื˜ื™ืžืึธืคื™ื™ 
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืืฐืฐื•ืจื™ืœืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
7 ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง, ืืคืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ื™ื•ื–ืฉ- 
ืกื˜ืืง". 

-- ืฆื•ื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง? -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื ืคืจืขื’ (ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ื’ืข ืกืขืง ื 
ืฉืข, ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ื™ืื ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื• ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจื™ืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืขื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก- 
ื ื ืฉืคึผืืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; 

ื”ืก ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืืคืŸ ืื–ืึธืฐืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืื•ืฉ 
ื•ื•ืื”ื˜ 0 ืื™ื ื ื›ืืจืขืžื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื‘ึผืœืข- 
ืจืฒึท, !; ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืฒื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ; ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ื“ืœ, ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื›ื“ืึธื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“? -- ื“ืึธืก ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ืข 
ืžืฒึทื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™- 
ืจื•ื ื™ื’-ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื-ืงืขืฉืขื ืข... 


1 ืื•ื• ื’ื•ืกื˜, 1 ื‘ : 
ืง ื•ื• ืข--ื ื–ืึธืฐืกืง, 9-ื˜ ืขื“ ืฐืื’ืึธ, ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืœืงืข. 


...ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืข ืืฃ ืคื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ. โ€ ื“ืขืจ ,ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ", ืคื™ื ืค" 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื ื“ืจืฒึทื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขื“ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืขืžืืŸ, ื ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืคืขืจ ืื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืงื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื–ืข ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉืœ, ืืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืกืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜?, ืื•ืžื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ?. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’} ื ,ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ -- ืืฃ ื”ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื‘ืขื“ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข. ื‘ืื ืง --- ืื”ืขืจ, ื‘ืื ืง -- ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืงืึธ- 
ืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ื- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืข ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืืง ื‘ืขื˜ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜, ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœึถืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 

-- ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ืžืข ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ืคื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข (ืžืฒึทืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 4 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืš? -- ื”ืœืก ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ึนื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. 


206 


-- ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ึทืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืฉืข, ืืจืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืœืฒึทืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื›ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืฃ 

ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืื ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืข ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื 0 ื ืจื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ ื ืคืขืจืขืจืœ, 
ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธื“ ืคืŸ ืืค ื’ืื–ืฉื ื™ืง" . ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•- 
ืคึผืข, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ โ€ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืคืจืฒึทื ื˜. ,ืงื•ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ, 
ืคืืจื’ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜,, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื•ืขืŸ. 


ืคื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ 


-: 
11 
ื’ึด 
= ืฉ |=- 


ื ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจืข 1 ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืจืก. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ โ€ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ, 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื›ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืึธืจืฉ, 
ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืืฒึทื–ื - 
ื‘ืืŸ-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ. 


ืฐืึธืก.ืคืืจื ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื- 
= 


ืจืืŸ ืืŸ ! ืคืื“ืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื ื’, 
ืงืื“ื˜ ืคึผืืกืคืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืข ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 

ื“ืึธื‘ื“ืื™ืข ืื•ื˜ืจืึธ", ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืฉื", , ืžื™- 
ืœืื™ืขื™ , ืจืฒึท", /,ืกืึทืœืึธืฐืฒื™", โ€ ,ืื•ื˜ื™ืขืฉืขื ื™ืข"... ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 


ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืžื›ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืขื ืขืจืข: ,ื‘ืขื–ืœื™ื•ื“ืึธืฐ- 
ื™ื™ ืื˜ ืขื• , ืกืืžืึทื–ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ืงื" : 
ื–ืฉืื‘ื" 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืŸ ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ-ืคืึธ- 
ืœื™ืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก 


ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืจืึธืคึผืขื˜. 


2 

144 

: 

ืชืจ 

= 

1 

1 
8 +-2 


ื’ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. 
ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื•ื• ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืื™ โ€ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืฒึท- 
ื ื”ืขืจืก ื™ื’ืขื”ืื ืงืขืŸ 1 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื˜, 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื”ืขืœืคื˜ -- ืื”ื™ืŸ, ื ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึดืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง? ื•ื•ืขื’, ื ืึธืจ ืืœึถืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื ื”ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ืข- 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื‘ ืคื™ื ืงืœื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื ืฆืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืžืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ืื•ืจื•ืคื’ืขืฉื ื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขื, ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ึทืขืจ- 
ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืจืื›ื˜- 
ืฆื•ื’. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืึธืงืึทืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ (ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ืืŸ ืขืœืขืง- 
ื˜ืจืึทืฐืึธื–, ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื ื˜ืขืคึผืœืึธืฐืึธื–) ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ -- ืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื›ื˜ืฆื•ื’, 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื•ืขื’ื ืก, 
ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืงืœ-ื‘ืืงืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื ืงื™ื ืึธ-ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘. ืื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 

ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ ื 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืงืก? ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืืฉื™- 
ื ื™ืกื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ = ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืง ืจ ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš ืจื•ึนื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืฐื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืก. 
ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ื™- 
ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื–ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜, ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืึธืงืึธ- 
ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืขืคืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื›ื˜ืฆื•ื’ ืื™ื• ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืฆืขืจ, ื‘ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธ-ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืœืืกื˜ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืก. ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ 


ื ื• ื‘ื™ืœ ื–ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ 
ืคื•ื ืขื. ืฆ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ- ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจ- 


ืžืขืก ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข ืจื•ืœืึธื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื™ื•ืฉืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืคืืจื‘ืฒื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ โ€ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื 
ืืฒึทื•ื’ื‘ืืŸ-ืฐื•ืขื’ โ€ ื‘ืืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจื™ืฅ-ื‘ืœืืฐืข ืจื•ืงื ืก, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื’ืึธืกื˜". 


ื“ื™ ืจื•ืœืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึทื›ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ... 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืขืฉืค ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ืฐืฐื•ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื•ืž- 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง 
ื“ืขื 10 ื ื ื™ืื›ืขืจ 1941 ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธืงืึธืคึผืขืก". ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื”ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื’ืข- 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ื™ ื’ืขึทื ืขื ื›ืื‘ื™-ื™ืืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื™ื– ืขืก -- ืคึผืึธ- 
ื ืืจ ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื• -- ื›ืึธืœืึธื“ื ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจื, ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขื , ืึธืงืึธ- 
ืคึผืขืก". ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืฆื’ืจืึธื‘ื ืก 
ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ื™ื™-ื‘ืœื™ืžืขืœืขืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ืš ืฐืขืœืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžืงืขืš ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืคึผืขืš ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–, ืฐื•ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื– ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืงื•ึนื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข ืžืืฆื™ื™- 
ื•ื•ืข ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ? ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืžืึธ- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ืคึผื•ืก- 
ื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš 


ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง? ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ 1938 ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆื–ื•ืื - 
ืฆื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืฅ-ืฆืขืš ืคื•ืŸ /,ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ืืœ". ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง. ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืืœื˜ืข ืกืœื™ืื‘ืขืก? ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืื•ึนืŸ ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฐื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึธื˜ืืœืงืข" 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜. ื ื‘ื™ืก? ืžืึธืš- 
ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคืื ื’ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื  
ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื ื‘ึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจืึธื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ืขืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™- 
ืงืขืจ , ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ , ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ" 
ื“ืขื ืจื•ืœืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืงืจืืŸ, ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืจืืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื 
ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ,ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข"ื•, ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืœืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืืŸ 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืก, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืคืื“ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืงื›ืืฅ ืืงื•- 
ืจืื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจื•ืœืึทื ืขืŸ. ื“ึดึผื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืข. 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืข-ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืื˜ื˜ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืข- 
ื–ืขื ื˜ืขื ืข ืกืคึผืขืฆืึธืฐืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืงื ืืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจ ืืคื™ืคืข ื‘ื- 
ื•ื™ื– ื ืงื•ื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืกืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ึนื.. . ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจื˜. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจืŸ ืื“ื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืฆืขื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืขืก ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืื ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื‘- 
ืงืจืืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืงืจืื•ื•ืขืฅ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื‘? ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜; 
ื ืงืจืืŸ-ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืœืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื ื“ืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื- 
ืงืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืคืืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจื•ืค- 
ืฆื•, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืงื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ. ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื ื“ืขื“ืคืจื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื™ื›ื˜, ื‘ืืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ -- ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืข- 
ื–ืขืจื ืขื ื“ืืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ --- ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœืฅ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง-ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ื’ืœื•ื•ึดืงืข ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืข. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืฉืข ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš, ื›ื•ืฅ 


* -- ืฉื˜ืึธืœ-ืคืœืื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื•ื•ืืœืฆืข- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ-ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื’ื ืก. 


27 


ื™ืข ืขืจืข ื™ืืœื™ืข ;45 


ื“ืขื, ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื• ื ื ืขืจ, ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ื•ืก ื ื‘ื™ืก? ืคืืจื›ื™- 
ื“ืขืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“?-ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ,ืฐื•ื™ืจื!:, 
, ืžืฒึทื ื!" ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื“ืืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืž ืจื•ืœืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ื ืขืก- 
ื“ื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืžืึธืœืึธื– ื ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจืืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ื”ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ื›ืขืฉื•ื- 


ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ ืงืขืœื›ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืืžืข: , ื‘ืœืฒึทืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’?, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืกื˜ื•?". 


ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืงืข 
ื ืคึผืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืฒึทื‘, ืื– ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ 


ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืจื ื™ึทืกืŸ ื‘ืื ืืฑืกื˜ืึธืŸ. 


ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ , ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 


ืฆืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืก ืคืึธืจืœ, ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ืœื•ื™ื˜ 

ืคืœืขื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืึธืœืข-ื’ืขื“ื•ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืžืึทืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ", ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื ืืžื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืœืฒึทืขื ืขื. ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ,, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื‘ื’ื™ืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืง. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 

2 


ืึธืœืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื‘ืขืœืฉื˜ืฉื™ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื– 


2 
: 
1 
ื”ืข 
2 
ื• (ื ื•|+ 


ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฉืข ื ื’ืฉืจื™ืงืฆื™ื˜. 
ืจ ื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืข-ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืงื•ึนืง 
ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจื•ืคืฆื•, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉื•ื›ืขืก ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ึนื™ืš ืื™ ืฉืฒึทื‘ืขืก ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืข. 

ืคืืจ ื ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข 
ื“ื•ื“ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืžื™ื™ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขืž ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ, 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืฉ ืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื• ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืค. ื–ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืก- 
ื˜ืืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืฐื™ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ื˜ 
ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ืื™ืš ืžืืš ื 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื ื• 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง? ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒ, 
ืึทืงืึธื“ืฉื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ื•ืฉ", ื ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธื ืขื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ืจืข- 
ืœืข ืคึผืขืจืœืžื•ื˜ืขืจื ืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื–ื™ 
ืคืืจืฉืฐื™ื ื“ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ึทื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื ื’ื•ื™ืœืขื, ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•? -- ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื”ืืžืขืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืึธื - 
ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ 


1 
ืขื‘ืŸ ืืค +ื™- ื“ืข 


ื‘ื-ืŸ , 


; - 
6 6 


ื˜ืก 


28 


ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืื ืฒึทืก 7 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื , ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ : 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื–ื ื–ื™ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคืืจื’ืขืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืจืื‘ืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš โ€ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื ื™ื• 
ื”ืืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืžืขื˜ืขืจื™ 
ืื›ื˜ ืฉืึธ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื, 
ืื•ื™-ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืจืข = ืคืขืœืŸ. * ืจืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ื ื™ื˜- 


ื ึน ื•ึน 


ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜. ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 


ืฆ{-ืข,- 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืง- 


{1 
= 
0 
ืฆ 
= 
= 
= 
ื– 

ื•ึท 


, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ืืข ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื’ืœืข- 
ื–ืขื“ื ืขื ื“ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ื– ืฆื• ื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืžืึธื˜ืืœืงืข" ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื“ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืื˜ื ื’ืก- 


: ื‘ื•ืคืคึฟืืก ื‘ื ืื˜ ื”ื•ืืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื– 

ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒ?. ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืข 
ื”ื™ ื™ื™ื” 7 

ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื™ืงื- 


ื ืึธื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื - 


ืจืฆื•ื™ ื’ืื˜ ื“ืจืคึฟื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื•ื–ืฒึทื ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื™ืงื ืื ืื˜ โ€ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื• ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ืงืœื™ื - 
ื ืึธ ืžืขื  1 
ืฐื•ื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื•ืžืคึผืขื ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืข 
0 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฑืŸ 


ื’ืจื•ื™ื›ืงืŸ ืคืืกืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืื‘ืืจื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒ? ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืงืืก- 


ื˜ื ืก ืกื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืฉื˜ืข ื–ืจื– ื•ื•ืืœืฆืขืจืก, ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืข- 


ืืœ-ืงืึธื ื ื–ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื•ืขืœื™ืงืื ืึธืฐื• ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื›ืŸ, ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 


ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืกืฉื˜ืื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒ?, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžื™ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ื‘ืจืฒื™ื˜ืคึผืœืฒืฆื™ืงืข; ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจืฒึทื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ืขืœื™ืงืื ืึธืฐ ืื•ื™ื›ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืœื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ืกื˜? ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื“ืขืžื‘ืŸ, 


ื  
ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืข 


1 

ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืžื‘ืŸ-ื›ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 

ื’ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 

ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื•ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ื™ื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืœ 
ึน 


== 
ื˜ 
2 
11 
5 
ื™ื˜ 
8 
. 
ื 
ืช.ืจ 
ืฉ 
= 
22 
ืœึท 
:ืจ 
ืจ 
= 
ื™ื™ 


ืึธืจืขื, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ. ; ืื– 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืก: ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. 

ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœืฅ- 
ืฆืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืœื™ืงื- 
ื ืึธื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ | ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. 

-- ื ื•, ื‘ืจืื˜ืึธืง, ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข", -- ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืจืึธืœื’ืื ื’. 


--ื”ื—4 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืกื•ึนืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืฆืขืš. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืืœืกื™ืžื›ืข. : ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜-ืฆืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืคึผืขื˜ืฉืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ึนื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจ 


ื ืืื˜ืขืžื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืกืœืขืก 


ืึธืจืžืขืก ืื”ืขืจ, ืคึผืœืื˜- 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืืจืฉืจื•ื˜ 
ืขื ืขืฅ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืจ -- 


ื• 
ืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 


ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื- 


= 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–- 
ืคืจื ืขื. ืขื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืกืงื•ืจืกื™ืข-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ. 


{ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 


ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ = 


;ื™ื• 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 


ื˜ 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืข 


ืคึผืข ื˜ื•ืจื™ืก? 


ืคืข ื˜ื• / (3 

ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ 
ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ 1 : 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืคืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื•ื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 


ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– 


ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืื›ื- 


ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืงืŸ 


ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ื ื˜, ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“, ืื– ื‘ืืงื•ืงืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืœืขืš ืคืืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื“ ื ื™ึผ 


ื–ื™ ืฆื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’/ ื™ื™ ื–ื™ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื™ 2 
ืกืื ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ 


-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื 6 ื–ืืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื“ืฒึท 
ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึธืžืขืจืื ืฆืขื•ื•, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, 

ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืืคืงืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืžืึธ- 
ื˜ืืœืงืข" ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื’ืจืขืก. 


ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ 


ืฉืœืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ- 


ืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืœื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืคืึธืŸ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื›ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืื ืฆื™ืงื˜ืข ืขืงืกืงื•ืจ- 
ืกืื ื˜ืŸ. 


-- ื“ื™ ืจื•ืœืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื ืงืจืืŸ, ืึธืŸ 
ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืก, ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืขืš ืื™ืŸ 


ืฆืขืš ืคืืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’... ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก-ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข... ื“ื™ ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง, --ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืงืฆืฒึทื’. 

ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆืฐืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืืฆ!ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื˜ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜. ืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืื– ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 


ืื•ืžืึธื ื’! 


ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืืฐื–ืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข 
ื–ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืกื˜ืืจืขืจืฒ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก 


ืื–ื ืœืึธืฉืŸ: 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœืฅ- ืฆืขืš ืื•ืŸ 


ื˜ื“ื™ ืคื•ื– 
ื• =ื™ืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 


ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึธื˜ืืœืงืข". ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื? ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืข- 

ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื - 

ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื›ืื•ืขืจ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื 
: : 


ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื 
ืง 


- 
ืื™ืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืกืคื™ ืœึน ื’ืืœ-ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืจ-ืื•ืจ-ืื•ืจื‘ืึธื‘ืข, 
ื• 


ื• 
ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืคึผืœืขืš 
ื•ื• 


ืึธ ื’ืขืฐืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื›ืขื˜. ืฆื•ื ืž ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืข ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืื›ื˜ ืฉืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืกื- 
ืžืข ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 24 ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืกืœืขืก. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ โ€ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข ื’ึถืขืฉืจื•ืขืŸ , ื‘ืœืฒึทืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’?", ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง, 


, 
ืฐื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืืจืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื - 
ืื” 


ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืจ ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆืืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™- 
ืžืขื ื˜ ื ืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ". ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื™ืœ 


ืื‘ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื, ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื 
ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื 
, ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉืŸ" ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืงืœืื›ึผืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ. (ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขื“ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืš ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ: ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืœืฅ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœ 0 ื ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืจืข 
ืžืึธื ื˜ืื–ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜-ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ , ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ" ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ื’ืจืืคื™ืง. ืื•ื™ื›ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื ืขื 
ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื• ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืจืขื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธืจ -ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ: , ืื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฆืขืขืคื - 
ื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขืงืŸ ืฆืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื•ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืฉืžืฒึทื“ื™ืง ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒื™ื˜. 


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ื•ื™ 3 8 ืชื•ื™ืืจ ื 


ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืงื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืงืืœื˜ืœืขืš. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขืง? ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš ืขืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื 
ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืš ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜- 
ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืึธืœื›ืึธื•ื•ืึดื™. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืจืขืจ ,ื’ืืœื™ืึธืจืงืข", ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืœืฅ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ื”ืขืœ-ืึธืจืื ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ 
ื‘ืืž ื–ื•ืŸ-ืคืืจื ืื ื’. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืจืขืจ ืœืึธืžืคึผ. 

ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื ืืงืขื˜ืข" ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ. 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ, 
-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืฅ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ.--ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืคื˜. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื’ื•ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืึธืจื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜, --- ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืืื•ื•ืœื˜. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 


ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืืš-ื™ 


ืœืื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ึนื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืขืš ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธ- 
ืงืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. ืกื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื‘ื ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืงืฉื˜ืขืœ... ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ... 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืžื•ื™ืจืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืึธื•ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืฆืข ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืงืจืื•ื•ืขืฅ. 
ืคื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืฉืึธืจืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืกืงืœืืš. ืงืจืืŸ- 
ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืก. 

ืฉื˜ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืกืงืœืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืก... 

ืฐืฑื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืึธืง? ื’ืข- 
ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืค ,ื ื™ื™ืŸ". 

-- ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ื˜. 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึถืคึผ? 

-- ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืฆืข ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜, ---ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืก? ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื“ืจืึธืก. --- ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืœืึธื“ืŸ ืจื™ ืกืœื™ืื‘ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืื’ื ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืฃ ื ื ืฒึท ืึธืจื˜. 


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ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื ื’, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืงืœืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ืคืืš. 

ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื, ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ, ื ื‘ื™ืก 
ื”ืืจื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืš. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑื™ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื˜ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’, 
ื ืึธืจ โ€ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 


ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ", -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ. 
-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ โ€ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 


ืึธื˜ ืœืขื›ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืฐื™ืง- 
ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืง, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ- 

ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฅ, -- ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
} ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ,ื“ื•". -- ื•ื•ืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื 
ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืž 
ื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ 
ื ื–, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธืจ... 

ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืœืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืฉืืคืข ื ื’ืจืึธ ื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื” ืข, 7 ื˜ืžืขืœืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืžืขื˜ืืœืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœ ืื ื’ื˜. 

-- ื˜ื• ื ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืก? ื ืœืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข. 

.ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื™ืึธืจ... ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ 

ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ื•ึนืœืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืจื•ืœืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื?. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืืž ื•ื•ืืœืฅ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืœืื ื”ื•ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœ ืงืึธื›ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืจื™ื™ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ืœ ืคืื˜ ืคืขืกืœ ืžืื–ื• ื•ื˜, 
ื’ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจ 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผ. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขืœืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืง ืฆืขืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจืืŸ. ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงื•ืง ืืฃ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื ื•ื•ืืœืฅ- 

ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ, ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™? ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืงืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข. ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืึธื ืขืŸ". 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจืืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง 
ืืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ, ืคืืจืงืœืืžืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ื’ ืื•ึนืŸ ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ื ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘- 
ืงื“ืืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืจื! -- ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื’? ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 


= ื• ืฒ = ืจื– 
ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืขืž ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ;ื•ื˜ืŸ 


* ื˜ื™ื’ืœ -- ื“ืึธ: ื ืงื™ื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ึทืขืจืคืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจ!ึธืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืข ืฉืžืขืœืฆื˜ ืžืขื˜ืืœ. 


9* 


ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืขื ืžืขื˜ื? ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 2 ืขืก ื’ืฒืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื˜- 
ืงืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ื?, ืฆืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืคื•ืจืขืžืก, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ? ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 


ืื•ื•ืขืง, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ?ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจื•ืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื›ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ 


0 

ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื 7 ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจ 

ื“ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืกืงืœืื“, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื˜. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื™ืง-ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื 
ื‘ืขื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืฑื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœ- 

ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธ, 


ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื›ื- 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ} 
ื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืขื˜- 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืึธ- 


ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฑ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืค, ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื 
ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขืš, ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื ืขืคึผ? ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ... 

ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืคื˜ืœ ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืฉืืจื™ืขืŸ ืื” 
ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“- 
ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ: ืื•ืงืจื!ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, 
ืื“ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืฉืคึผื“ืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœืึธื–ืข ืื•ืงืจื!- 


ื ื™ืฉืข ื›ื˜ืขืคืขืก 


1 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. 

ื ื”ื•ื ืจืขืจื˜ ืงื™ืœืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืคื•ืกื˜. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื˜ืื - 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธื ื‘ืืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึผืขืงืœื˜ 
ื ืกืืš ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืงื•ื™ืœื ื’ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืงื•ื˜ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธืฐืึธ, ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืงื•ึนื™ืœื ื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ. ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจ- 
ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ึนืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืื’ืจืขื  ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทืข ืฆื™ึทื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื‘ื™ืก? ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ืข ื’ืขืœื˜ 
ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจ 
ื“ื™ ืงืืฉืขืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืœ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืžื™ืœืš, ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืขืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ,ืฐืึธืœืฐืขืœืข" ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื ื‘ื- 


ืงืื ื˜ืข ,ื“ืื–ื™ืขื–ื“ืŸ", , ืคึผืึธืœื•ืกื˜ืื ืง ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืืžืึธืœ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื• ืจื™ื  ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜-ืฉื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข 


ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื“ื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง ืืฃ ื ื 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ืึถืœึดื™ ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจ!!ืงืŸ ื˜ื 
ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ. ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืคืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืค ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื - 
ืžืึธืœ ืคื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ 


ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ, ืคื•ึนืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ-ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ื•ื•ืื ืขื’ืขืก. ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ื–ื•ืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืจื™ 


ืฆื™ืคืขืจ ,6". ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข, 
ืื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืขืงืกืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ? ื“ื™ ืฆื™- 
ืคืขืจ ,6" ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ื™ืกืขื ืขื ,ืงืจืขื ื“?", ืฆื•ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ,8". 
ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืกืฒึท ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ื™ืกืขื ืข, ืกืฒึท ื’ืื ืฆืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืื ื•ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื•ืœืึธื˜ืฉื ืข". 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื. ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึทื ื’- 
ืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ื”ืึธื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื 
ื‘ื™ืก? ืื’ืžืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื–ืึธืฐืขืจ 
ื™ืื. ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื›ืขืกืจื•ื™ื ืขืก: ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืืžืข ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืคืœืื›ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืกืืš ื–ืืžื“ื‘ืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคึผืืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืื. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ , ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ" ื™ืื. ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื ื‘ืื ื‘ืจืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื- 
ื’ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ื™ื™ ืื•ึนืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ื•ื™ื ื˜, 
ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฉืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืข? 
ื’ืขืœื, ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืคืึธืจื”ืขื ื’ืœืขืš, ืฆืข- 
ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืคืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš. ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคึทึผืึธืจ ืจืขืœืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื 
ืคืจืื›ื˜ืฆื•ื’. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื“ื•ึนืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ืื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืื ืึธืจืืžืข ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ืืœ". 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคึผืืกื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ื 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืžืื’ื ื™ื˜ืงืข" ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, 
ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืกื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข, ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ืจื ืงืึธืœื™- 
ืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืืœืงื ืก! 


31 


ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืื’ื ื™ื˜ืึธื’ืึธืจืกืง ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ , ื”ืฑืคึผื˜- 
: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ื™ืข". ืžืข 
ืงืึธืŸ ื ืืš 2 ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฐื•ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ? ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ: ,, ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืžืื’ื ื™ื˜ืงืข", ,ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ื- 
ื ืขืจ ืคื ืงืข"... ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืœืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ,ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืื’ื ื™ื˜ืงืข". ืคื™ืคึผืขืฆืง ืื• 
ืืœื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืง, ื˜ืื’ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ืกืึธ:ื•ืื™ื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท 
ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืึธืžื ืขื, ืžืื”ื˜ืขืŸ-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ื‘ื•: ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ,ืžืื’ื ื™ืžืงืข". 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™, ืกืฒึทืŸ ืจืืจืขื-ืžืื ื ื™ืžืงืขื™ 


ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื ืฐืฒึทื– ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜, ื‘ืขื”ื›ืื ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ื ื ื™ืฉ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ืฃ 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจืคืื“, ืฐืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืื. ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 


ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืื-ืืฒึทื ื’ื•ืก. 
ื˜ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผืœืฑื˜, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข 
ืจื™ื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ื™ื ื“ืคื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืืจืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื•ึน- 
ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืขืค- 
ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืืŸ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื˜ืงืข 
ื–ืืœ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืื ื“ื•ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“.. 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ-ืึธื ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ืžื™ืงืข 
ืŸ ืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื–ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ = ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 


ืžืขืจ ืงืึทืฐืขื“, ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืง. ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืื ื“ืก- 
ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืื, ื ื™ืื-ืคึผืœื™ืื–ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฆืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ื ืกืืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ืคืข ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš. ืขืžืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•- 
ืจื™ืง, ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืงืืœืžื•ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืžื•ื•ืข 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืง- 


ื–ืืœ, ื ืึธืจ, ื•ื™ ืืžืึธืœ, ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืฐืฒึทื–, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืžื•ื’ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ืœื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืืฆืงืืžืขื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคืค ื’ืกื 
811ืง388. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ-ืคึผืœืืฅ -- 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืง--- ืžืข 
ืื˜ ื•ื˜ ื˜ื›ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ืืกืคืืœื˜. ื˜ืจืืžื•ื•ื™, ืื•ื•- 
ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ื, ืžื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก. ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก, ืคืืจืฉืคื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ 
ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœึฐื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจืฉืข, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ืงืึธืกื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฒืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜,-- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืฐื•ื™ ื›ืฉื•ืึธืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. 


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ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท ืœื•ื™ืคื˜, ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜, ื ืขืžื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 


ืฆื• : 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ, ืก'ืจืึธื•ื• 0 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืขื. ืก'ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง, ื™ืขื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืžืืกืข. ื“ืขืจ 


ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืื“ื‘ืกื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก ื  
ื• 


ืขืžืขืจื•ื•ื•ื™ื– 4 


ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืœืึธื’ืจืื-ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš, ื ืืจ 
| ื’ึถืจ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท 


ืžืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœืขืš. ื“ืขื• 
ืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืคึผืงืŸ ืจื™ื™ืขืš 
ื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืจืŸ, ืขืคึผืœ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ 
ื ื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืœืขืš ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื“ื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง-ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืืžืขื˜-ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื’ืข- 

ื•ึท 


ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 


ืขืก, ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืŸ 


ื™ื•ื ื’ืœืฉืข ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข ืคื™ืก. 


, 
ืืžืึธืœ ืฆืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื™ืš 


ืืœื˜ืข ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง. ืืคืŸ ืจืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืœืึธื‘ืึธื“ืงืข- 
ื’ืืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ึฟืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื›ื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข ื’ืจื™ ืงื•ื™ืฉ? ืงืขืจืœืขืš, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืคื•ื“ืฉื˜ืืงื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืœ 
ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 2810 


*1608072/8,, 328022. - ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื ืฉื•ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ืœ-ื’ืœืขืงืœ 
ืขื• ืž ืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ,, ืื– 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืขืก, ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืœืืจ ืื™ ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืง 
ืจ ืื” 7 ื ืฒืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ 


ื’ืขื’ืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื“ื™ื“ืข. 


ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ืึธ ืค ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืก 
ืฒึท ืฆื•ื ื”ืืคืŸ. 


ื“ึน 
ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 


ืงืœืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื• : ืึธืคึผ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืจืืžื•ื™ ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ. 
ืžื™ืš ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืข ืœืขืž ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, 


ืคึผ, ื–ื™ื™ 
ื•ื™ 
ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจ- 


ื ืข ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ื ืงื™ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจืฉืืคืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืค 
ืืฑื™ืกืฆื•ืžืฒืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ : ืจ 
ืฉืžืึธืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข, โ€ ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืจืื ื“ ืค 
ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืึธืœ. ืคื•ื ื“ืื ! 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืขืคึผ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ 
ืงืข-ื™!ื ื’ืœืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืกืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื–ื•ื™, ืœ 

ืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื˜ื“ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ื•ื‘ื ื™, ื“ืขืจ , ืื™ืœื™ื•ื–ื™ืึธืŸ", ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืžืืงืก ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืืจืœื™ 
ื˜ืฉืืคึผืœื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธึทื˜ืข? ,ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ืข ื ื˜ืืœ", 

ืื“ื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืก? 
ื’ืขืคื•ืฆื˜ืข ื”ืื“ืจืืกืคึผืขื ืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื•ึนื™ืขืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืขืจืฒื™, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 


= 

- ื–ืŸ 

2 

ืฉื™ 5 ื–ืฒ 
297 


2--3 


ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ-ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืœ- 


ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ื•ืขื’ืŸ 


ืจ ืฐืข 
ืจืื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
4: 


ืงื•ืขืฐืขืจ ืงืจืขืฉื˜ืฉืื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื” ื–ืขืจื˜ ืื•- 
ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ . ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื’ืืก,. ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึฟืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ 


ืจืขืกืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™", ืื™ื–' ื‘ื ืงืื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืืฒึทื ืฐื•ืฑื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื™ ืืžืฆื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜- 
ื’ืืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืืœื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ื›ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 


--ื• ืข =ื•2 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ืื ืง. ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื” , ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ืื ืง", 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจืื“-ืืจืฒื™ึทื ื’ืื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
,ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข?. ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื 
ืคืงื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืกื™ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืžื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืก ืค ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™- 
ื ืข ืงืื‘ื™ื’ืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 


ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื˜ืืฆื™ืข 


ื•ื– 


ืงืข ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื ื“ืข 
ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ืจ 


, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ ื•ื’ืขื›ื‘ืขื›ืจื™ืง; == 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืžืข ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ืขืŸ-ื”ื•ื™ื– ืืฃ 
ืึธื›ืึธื˜ื ื™ ืจื™ืื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื›ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก 

ื™ื›ื• ,ื ื”ื• ืคื• : 

ืฉืงื™ืกื ืคืืžืŸ 2 254 


ื ื’ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื’ืืก ืค ืจืฐืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก, 
ื˜ื™ ื™ื™ ื–ืืจืฆื– 
ืคืฉืŸ (ื•ืœ 1 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ .ื™ื– - ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื•ืฐื•ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 2 

ื ืึธืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืขืœืŸ ืคึผื™ื•- 


3 

ื–ึธืื–ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืขื˜ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืฃ ื ืžืขื”ืืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืข } 
ื ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื  


6 
ืข 

ืืชืŸ ืื•ื“ืจื˜ืจื• ื˜ื ื™ืื” ืฆื˜ื 

ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืง ื’ืืก, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื› 


ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืค 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง; ืื™ื™ 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, 

ื ื’ื•ื–ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื ื“ืืœื•ื™ 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื• 

ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ ืค 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ื’ืข- 


ื’ 
ืื™ืš 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืค 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ 


ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 


ื’ | ืขื’ืขืจ ื‘ื ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜. ืžื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื–ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง? ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืคึผื•- 
ืฆืขืจ. ืื™ื ื“ืขื“ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš, ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื™ืึธืจื ืœืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœืขืš--- 


,ื˜ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื-ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื". ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืขืจืข- 
ืœืขืš ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ึนื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืืœื˜ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฆืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืกืืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข: ื ืึธืš 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื–ืข ืกืžื•ืจืžืœื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื ื™ื’ื ื“? ืคื•ืŸ 
ืก ื ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื“. ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืžืืจืง, ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขื- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื•ื™ื™. 
-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืจื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืื• 


ื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ื• 
(ืฒืŸ 


2 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. 

ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื“, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•- 
ื˜ืึธื’. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
, ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ... 

ื’ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ืข? ื•ื– ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืŸ 
;ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜. ื– 
;, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ื“? ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื“ ื‘ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืงืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื ืŸ ื‘ื ืื’ืื–ืฉ" ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื’- 

ื•ึผ 


ืœื™ื™ื˜ 
0 2 6 


: 


= 
: 


ืฆ 
:4 


:ืฉ 


2 


ื 
2 

ืฆ = 6 1 
4 |- 


ื™ืฆ 
2 
9 


ืื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืฃ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ 


2 
ื™ื•ื˜ ื ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžืืœื•ื” 
ืื‘ื• ื•ื™ ื”ืข ืงื ืงื?ืœ -=- 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 

ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืงืึทืœืึธื ืงืข. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธ- 

ืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืืก, ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืืคืกื ืฒึท. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืขืก, ื‘ืืœืงืึทื ื“- 
ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื•ืงืข -- ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืืœื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจ ,ื–ื•ืžืขื“ื“ื™ืงืขืจ" ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขื›? ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื•ื ืขื” 
ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื , ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก", ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืžื™ื- 
ื˜ืืžืข, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ -- ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜- 
ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 


- 
= 
= 
5 
2 
0 
2 
:= 
ื’ืŸ 


5 
2 
= 
1 
22 + 
4 
1 61 


ืก ! 
52 
1- 
= 

ืขืก 2 
,4 
52 
41 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึธื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืฆ- 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ื ืก -- ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืื ืื•ื™ ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘?, ื•ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืžืึธืœ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืืŸ 
ืžืขื“ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืคึผืืœื™ืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉ ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื‘ืขื”ื’ืขื›ื•ื•ื’ืŸ ืื•- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™?- 
ืฆืขืจื ืขื ืงืขืคืœ. ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขืค ืื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ื™ืงืขืก: ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธื 
ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื•ึนื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ 

ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื“ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืื - 
ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืืงืŸ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ืขื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื›ืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืขื ื›ืึธืœืขืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


ื•ื• 


ื•ึท 
ื‘ืืงืœืื–ืฉืื ืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– 
ื• 


ืชืŸืŸ ืžื™ื• 


ื•ื• + 


ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืืœื‘- 
ืคืืจื’ืขืœื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, 
ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™, ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืžื•ืจืž? ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื›ึผืึธืจ ืจืขื’ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 2 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืืกื˜ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื‘ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ึนื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื“ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’. ,ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืึธืจื˜, ืืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ , ืคึผื™ืื˜ืื˜ืฉืึธืง", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžืขืจ ื ื•ื™ืœืขื, ืฐื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,ืคื™ืื˜ืื˜ืฉืึธืง" ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, 0 ืขืก ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ืœื“ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืฉืคืึทื˜ืึธ ื  0 ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืขื’: ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ,ื–ืื’ืก", ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื›ืึธืกืŸ-ืงืืœืข ืื•ึนืŸ ืจื™ ืžืข- 
ื›ื•ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืืงืกื™, ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ื˜ืข -- ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืืกื˜-ืืฐื˜ืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืขื–ืฉ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
,ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืจืขืกืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™" ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ 
ื™ืง ื˜ืึธืื ื™ืข 
: ื ืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืืฅ 
: ืขืก - ื•ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“. ืืœืก 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืข ืึธืคื˜ืžืึธืœ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขื”ืก ืฉืื‘ืขืก 
ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืก ื 
ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธืก ืืค ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ. ื’ืืก. ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึธื˜ืึธ- 
ื’ื“ืืคื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืืœืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืขื’ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื“ืึธ. ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธ- 
ื˜ืึธื‘ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ,ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ" ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืœ, 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืจืœ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื‘ ื ื’ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 


ื˜ื™ 
ื“ื•ืœ 


ืงืข ื›ืึธ ืจืฉื˜ 
ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธ, ื–ื™ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉืึธืคึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืื 'ืฅ 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืœืŸ, ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธ, ืืคืŸ , ื›ึผื™ืื˜ืื˜ืฉืึธืง", ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 
ืจืขื’ืข ืคืจืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืคืžืฒึทืกืข ืฉื˜ื™? ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื˜ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื . 
ื“ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ; ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื™ื“? ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื•- 
ื’ืขื ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืคึผืึธืจืœ. 
,ืืš, ืก'ืืจื ืฐื•ื™ืœื™ื ืงืข",.--ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืข ื ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขืจืฒึท. ,ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’",---ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื ื–ืึธื’ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ืึธืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ึธ ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜... ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


34! 


ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืื•ึนืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึถื ืงื•ึนืงืŸ ื“ืขื 
,ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืŸ", ื“ืขื ื›ืึธืกืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ = ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืฒึทื›ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืจื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืœืฅ ืžืื–ืœ, ืขืก ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ". ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืข 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’; ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื ื˜- 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ. ,ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ื ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžืข" -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคื™ืฅ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆืข. ืื™ืš ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ---ื ื›ืึธืœืขื? ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืื›ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™- 


ื‘ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง = ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืข ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื 

ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืขื ืœืขืš ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืขืŸ! 

ืจืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื™ืก ,ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉืขืจ" ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื™ืจืœ-ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 

ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
5 :0 


ื™ื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 
: 


, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืข- 
= 


ื™ื™ 
1 
ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื– 


ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–; 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื 


ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ 8 ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืžืฒึทืŸ 


ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืจืคืึธืœืง ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื - 
ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธ. ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ื’ืขื’ืื ื˜. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ึนื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื 


ื• 
ื–ืจืืืฆื + ื—ื•ื™ : - ื“ืœ ืื™ * ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื• ืจื– 
ื•ืขื ื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ื“; ื–ื™ื™ื“? ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ 


ืฉืฉ 


ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื‘ืŸ 


1 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืื“ื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืขืง 
| 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืงืœ?ืœ ืคืืจืงืืฉืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื“ ื‘ืœืึทื ื“ืข. ืื™ืš 


ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื• 


= ืข= 

ื˜ื™ื“ืœ ื ืงื•ืง ืคืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 

ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข. ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข. 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ึนืŸ ,ื“ืขืจื–ืฉืคึผืึทื˜ืึธ" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืจ 


ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจื•ืคืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ึท 


ืคืื“ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืขืกื˜- 
ืจืื“ืข-ื‘ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขื ืกื•ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึธ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ืจืขื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ,ืึธืงืึธืคึผืขืก" 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’, ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื• 
ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื• ืฉืืจ ื“ืข 
ื’ื™ื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื ืขืจื‘ืขืจ ื™ืจืขื ืง ืžืึธืœ. 

ื ืึธืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–. ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื’ื™ ืืค ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืค ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืœืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ึนื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืงืขืœื˜. ,ื–ื™ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืงื™ืœืŸ", -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 


ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™,, ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ึผืขื˜, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืŸ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื 
ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข 
ื™ื™ ื•ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืขืคึผืขืก. ,ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืึธื•ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ื’ ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขื“ืืžืึธืœ 
ืคืืจื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืกืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–. 
-- ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื ืคืืจืงื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงืข, 
-- ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. ื›'ืžื•ื– ื“ื™ืš ื ืข- 
ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืžืืœืขื›ืœ 
ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ... ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ื– ืงื•ื ืืจื•ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื™ืžื™ืงืข ืขืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื”ืืœื“ื–, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืก... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 
-- ืงื•ืžื˜, -- ื”ืึธื›ื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืจืืžืึธ? ื’ืข- 


1 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. 


ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ 


ื™ื•ื•ืขื ืจืฉื ื›ึผื• - = ;9 
ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึธ ืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ โ€ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจ ื™ืฐื•ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข, ื–ื™ ื ืงืจืื ืงืข, ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข ื•ื•ืืฉืขื ืข 
ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื˜ืŸ 


ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑืคื˜ืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. ื ืงื•ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื“ืฉื˜ืข ืงืข ื•ื™ื ืคืŸ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืฒืกืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ; 
ื–ืฉืืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืกืคึผืจืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืงืขืœืข ืค 
ืกืื ื“ืืœืขื›ืœ -- ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืฃ 


ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ 


-1 


ืฐ+: ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ 


ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืก. ืœืขื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืคื˜- 
ื‘ืื–ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืืžื•ืฒึทื™, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื“ืงืืœื˜ืข ื”ืื ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืื˜ ื ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ึนื ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ. ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื• ืื•ืš. 3 ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ 6 ืืŸ 
ื“ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืื– ื‘'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ื’ืขืœื™ ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืคืขืจื ื ืก. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ?ืกื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืœืื›ืข 
ืื™ืŸ -- ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืคื™ืฆื™ื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืขื• ืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’. ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ, ื ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืืจืฃ-ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืคืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื‘ืืœืงืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืจ , ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจื˜ืฉ. ืื™ื ืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ื™ืึธึถืจ. 
ืื”ื™ื™ื ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ 


ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื•ืึธื ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ื•ึนื™ืฐื™ื... ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ /10/42461 ืžืžืกืกืกื. 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืึทื•ื•ื ื˜ื›ืจืฑื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ื“ืœ. ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื ืื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžืึธืจื ืŸ ืงืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ืื‘ืœ ืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’. 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื›ื ื ื’ื ืฆืŸ ืฆืขืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜? ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื’- 
ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืขืžืจื•ื˜ 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืื ื˜ืขื›?, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜?. ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ื ืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ึถืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคืื“ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ ื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืขื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื˜- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ?ึฟ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืจื™ื–ื™- 
ืงื™ืจื ื– ื“ื™ืง ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ื‘ื™ื™ืก 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื• ื™ื˜ ื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื• ื”ื™ืง , ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขื’ืœ ื˜ ืื– == ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื• 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. โ€ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจื–ืฉ- 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธ", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 


ื•ืขืŸ 
ื• 


ื˜ +- 


ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ื›ืืกืขื ืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื• 4 ืกืืœ ืขื! ื“ืขื“ ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ- 


ื• 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ { ืขื ื˜; ืืŸ ืึธืจืขื ืžื™ื™ื“?, ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื 
ื ื ื™ื™ ืื• ืžืฉื˜ืข ื ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืคืืจ ื 
ืจืฒึทื‘ { ื•ืึธืงืจ ืึธื›ืขืจ ื•ืืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืจืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ? ืœื™ื‘ืข? 
ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืขืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืื–ื ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืจืึธ- 
ื ื™ืฉ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืค. 
ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ื›ื- 
ืกืขื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืš, ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื•ืงื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืงืึธืฃ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ-ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืง. 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืื ืกืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคื™ื ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒ?, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข ื ื ืืงืขื˜ 
ื”ืขื ื˜?, ื ืจืึธื–ืขื•ื•ืข ืคื™ืก?, ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ , ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืขื˜ืขืžื˜" ืื•ืŸ 
,ืื“ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืขื˜ืขืžื˜" ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืœืึธืœึดื™ื. ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ?. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“, ืฐื™ ื 
ืคืœื•ื™ืžื™ืง ืื™ื™. ืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืืŸ 


5 


ืื‘ื™ื• :ืขื™ ืืกืื ืื :ื’ื›. 


ื–ื™ 


ืื™ :05,566 


,,,1:20:5552 


ืื–ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื›ืื›ึผืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืขืฐื•, ืื•ืคื“ืขืงืŸ 
ืคืื“ืฉื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืคึฟืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืžืขืงื•ื™ืžืขืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ. 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืจืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืืก- 
ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืึธืœืงืื˜ืฉ". ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืฒึทืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื•ืกื™ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ืคื•? ื™ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืคึผืขืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš 
2 ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืึธื ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืขื˜ืœ?. ืื™ื - 


ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•- 


ืžืขืŸ ื™ืฉ ืจืื–ื™ืจืŸ. ื ื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืขื ืข ื—ื•ึนื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืจื™ ื’ื™ืž- 
ื ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืข, 
ื ืคืึธื›ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืื“ืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื“ ืฆื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก. ืืฐื˜ืึธื›ื•ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“? ,ื™ื•ื–ืฉ- 
ืกื˜ื?" ื“ืข ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจื˜? ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ื–ื ืฆืฐืึธื“. ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ 
ื ืฆื™ืคืขืจ 39 19 -- ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื - 
ื’ืข ื“ื™ ืงืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืึธืžื ืข. ืื™ืš ื›ืืงื•ื ื ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
ืœืึธื–-ืฉืฒึทืŸ ---ืืŸ ืืœื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืœืขื›ืขืœืขืš (ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™...) 

ื•ื™ ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’? ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืง-ืฉื•ืœ, ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš 
ืคืื“ื’ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืคึผืขืจืฒึท 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืŸ. ืืœื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืฒึท, ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืจืขืœืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ื“ื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฒึทืข. 

ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ืืกืคืืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธ- 
ื˜ื•ืื“? ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืžื ืข-ืฆืขืš. ื–ืขืงืก ื“ืึธืž 
ื ืขื, ืื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื•ึดื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ื™ื 
ืึธื ื“ืขื“ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ,ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืข, ืงืืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืข" ืื™ื– 
ืืœื˜ ืกืื›ืืงืœ? ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื‘. ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืจื˜ืขืŸ-ืฆืขืš. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™. ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืื“ืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื’ื™ืกืขืจ. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 1 ืืข 


ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื. ืฆืขืš. ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืขืจ ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืขืฉื“ื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ , ืžื™ื˜ืŸ" ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืš 
ืื™ื– ื›ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื“ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก. 


26 


ืื™ืš ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ื•ืกื, ืื• ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื–ืขื  


ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืข 


ืฆืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื ื ื ื™ืœ 
+, ืื ืฉ! 
ืžืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ื“ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทืœื›ืึธื–ื•ืื™ โ€ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ ื™ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 

ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื’ื™ืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืฆื™ 
ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ. ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ! ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ 
,ืฉื•ืฅ-ื‘ื“ื™ืœืŸ", ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ,ื ืึธืจืžืืœืข" ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข , ื”ืึธืœืึธื‘- 
ืœื™ืขืก". ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืฉืขืœืขืš ืืช- 
ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื‘ืœืืกืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฃ ื 
ืฉืคึผืืŸ. 

,ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ื“ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ!" -- ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื ื–ืึธื’ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธ- 


ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื™ ื˜ื™ืš ื ื™ื› 8 ื ืกืืš 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืื“ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื™ื–-ืฆืขืš, 5 
ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืข ืจืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื ืขืš. ื”ืึธื‘ ื 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ืจ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืื˜ืืœืงืข"; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
= ืฆืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ื ื“ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 
-- ื-ื, ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, -- ื›'ื’ืขื“ืข ื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืงืจืืŸ-ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ... --- ืื•ื–, ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขื” 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื. -- 
ื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš? -- ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ 

ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข 

ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืื“ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืื™ืŸ ื 

ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš- -ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜.. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™?ื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ 


-- ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ ืจืึธืคืŸ 


ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืžืฒึทืกืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจื- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึธื ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ.-- 
ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืคืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืž- 


ื‘ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื“ื™ ื’ื• ืจืขืžื˜ื™ ืคึผืจืึธ- 


ื• 


ืฉ .+ 


ืกืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืง... 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื-ืึธ ืคืฒึทืขืจ?, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืžืืš ื’ืข- 


1 
ื ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ 66 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 


= 
0 


ืฉืคึผืขืžืขืจ / ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื•ื•ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ 
ื˜ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœืฅ- 
ืฆืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืกืงื•ืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ. ื 
ืžื™ื™ื“? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืืœื™ืŸ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ, 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืคืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ. ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ื ืฉืœืขืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžื•ืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืื ื’ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืข- 


: ื™ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœืŸ, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืจืฒึทื - 
ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ึถืขืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื•ื•ื™ืง- 


ื˜ืึทืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ 7 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื- 
ืฐืึธืจ ื›ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื™ืขืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ื ื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธืฐื•- 
ื ื, ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ืฉืžืขืœืฆื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ 

-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื›ืœืขื? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื›ื ืžื™ืจ 


ื“ื™ ,ืงืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื"! ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ ืืคืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ืขืจ ืœ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื- 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืืกืคึผื™ืจืื ื˜ 
7 ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 98 ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืื™ื - 


ื™ื 


ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืง ืฆื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืžืข- ืคืืจ ื 6 ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื˜ืืฆื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื•ื“ ืืจื™ ื•ื™ 
ื–ื™ืŸ ื’-ืขืŸ. 


-- ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื... ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 


ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขื›ืคึผืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜... 

-- ืžื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผืขื˜- 

ืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืื™ืš 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 5 ื“ืึธื‘ืœืขื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 

ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 

ืข, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ!; ื•ืžืขืง 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ... ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 

ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ึนืš ,ืžืืจื˜ืขืŸ- 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจ ืืจืฅ" ืื•ืŸ 


ืฉึฒ 
2 

42 
4 
ื™ื™ 
= 
:ืฉ 
2 
11 

ื–ื’ 
2 
ืฉ 


ื•ึท - 
ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึธื  ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ื“ื™ 
ืื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื ืง ื ืจ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฆ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื” ื˜, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 

ื•ืขืŸ. 7 ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš. ื ืึธืจ ืื˜ ื”ึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ . ื“ืึธ 


ืฉื•ืœ-ื’ืœืขืงืœ. ื’ืจื•- 
ืคึผืขืงืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœ. 


ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื“ื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง , ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“"-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, 
ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ-ืกืคึผ ืขืฆื•ืืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ืคื™- 


ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ื 


ื ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืคืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื, ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืกื˜ืขืคึผืื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืฉืขื•ื•ืœื™ืื’ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื‘ืืžืึธืœ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™- 
ืงืขื ืื•ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืข. 
ืฐื•ืึธืจืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ. 


ื“ื™ืจื– 


- 
ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข +ืฆ 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ืข-. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฉ 


ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกื˜ืืœ". 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ , ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“ื˜ืฉื™ืง" 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืคึผืœืืŸ, ืฐื•ืึธืก ืื™ ื•ื ืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื ื”ืขืงื˜ืึธื’ืจืืฃ ืื•ึนืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš. ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ, ืžืึธื ืึธื˜ืึธืŸ. ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึท ืคื˜ืขืคึผืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื“? ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ื ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืื– ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข -- 
ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธื’-ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™--,,ืงืื ื˜ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ" ื“ื™ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื•ืขืœืข ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ืจื™ 
ืืจื›ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐื•ืึธื“ ,ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ืืœ'? ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื 1 2 ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ 


,ื™ื•ื–ืฉ- 


-- ื”ืขืจ 


ืื•ืž- 


ื–ืขืงืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. 


ืึธืกืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื˜ื" , ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™- 
: ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจ ื•ืคืŸ ืืŸ 
ืขืคื™ืœ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ. ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืŸ. ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื•ื•ืึธ- 
ืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข. 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 7 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื 
ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฉ ื“ืขื“ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš 
ื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืงืฆื™ืขืก 
8 ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ืžืขืŸ ืื™ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืขื›ืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืขื - 
ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืขืง, ื ืจืขืœืกืŸ-ืฆืข ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื“ืึธืจืœ 
ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืฅ- ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ืค- 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ืข ืจืขืœืกืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
: ,ืงืื›ื™ื ืขื˜" ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ,ืงืื‘ื™- 
ื ืขื˜ืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืฆืขืš-ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข", ื•ื• ืึธื - 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉืžืึธ- 
ืœืข ื‘ื ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืกื›ืข- 
ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืืคื™ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ- 
: . ืื•ืžื–ื™ืคื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ 
-- ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒืฒึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ. 
ืคื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ื™- 
ื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ". ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ 
ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื - 
ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ืขืจื– 
ืฆืจ ื‘ื ืจ = 


ืื˜ 
ืฉ 


37 


ื™ืฉื™ 


3 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื– ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื ื˜ื“ืื›ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื•ื™ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืš, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜? 
ืขืจ ืคืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืงืจืึธ-ืื™ื’- 
ืกื•ืœื˜ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœ- 
ื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื ืื–ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื• ืขื‘ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึธ- 
ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ื•ึนืึธื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืงื™- 
ืฉืขืฃ-ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ , ื”ื™ื™ื", ,ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ืขืœ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ? 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 


ื•ึน 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืŸ' ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืžืœืื ื” 
ืืœืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฃ ,ืžืฒึท 


ื’ืืก. ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืก ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื ื ื›ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžืืŸ, ื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ? 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืงืึธ- 


ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ, ื ืงื•ึนืง ืขื• 
ืœืึธื ืงืข, ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืš ืœื™ื ื“ื ื‘ื•ื™ื? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื. 

ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืืจืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืœืขื“ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืืจื•ืค- 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 

ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื ืึธืš ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื›ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืฅ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื“ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’. ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืื“ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื”ื™ืจืฉืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ืก. ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืš, ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืฐื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืž ืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื 
ืื™ื. 

ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืŸ 4 ื˜ืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืค, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื”ื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืœ, ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜. 

-- ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืœ , ื’ื“ื™ืข 
ืขื˜ื ืื•ืœื™ืฆื, ื’ื“ื™ืข ืขื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื?' -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืœืขืš ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ---ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคึผืจืฒึทื’ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ 


38 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธื˜, ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื“ืึธืฆ ื  

ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ. ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ 


ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ื™ื˜ ืžืขืงืื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. , ืึธืงืึธืคึผืขืก? --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ึทื›ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืฆื’ืจืึธื‘ื ืก, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขื’ื - 
ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ืจื™ื• , ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 


ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืกืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืกืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ, ื™ืื, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืขื•ื•ื- 


3 
ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 


: 
ืงื•ึนื™ึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึทื›ืŸ 


ืื™ื– ืึธื˜, ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื™ื™ /ื”- -ื™ื™ื™ืจื ื™ื•ื - - 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื” 
ื ื™ื™ 


ื• ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 


ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


ืขืจ-ืึธ 


ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ 
ืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ -- ืขืก : 
ืขืคืขืก ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฉืคึผ 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืง ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจืžืœ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“? , ื’ื“ื™ืข ืขื˜ื ืื•ืœื™ืฆื, ื’ื“ื™ืข 
ืขื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื?"... ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืึธ? ืคืืจื’ืขืก ืื™ 
ืœืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ. ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ึนืงืŸ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืš ืืจื˜ ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืžืœื™ืื ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืž 
ืึธื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื ื™ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืจ? -- 1 ืื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืืฃ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒื™ื“?, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืืœืข 


11 
=+ 
2 
6 
ื”ื™ 
ื˜ 


ื• 
ืฉ 
2 


ืฉืฉ 
:1 
1 
+* 4 


ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฑ ื™ืจืข 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ ื•ื˜ ืœืื ื’, ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื™ืจืœืก ืžืืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ ืื™ืš. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™-ืขืก-ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื‘- 
ื‘ืื’ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืจืึธื›ืข... : 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ: ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ ืฆืื“ ืกื˜ืข ืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืกืœืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื–ืฉ- 
ื˜ืืœืกื˜ืจืึธื™", ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืื“ -- ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ- 
ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืงืขืก. ืฆื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธืจ. ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก 
ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืœืขืฐื•ืฒึทืขืก, ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื›ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืจื™- 
ืงืขื ื™ืฉ-ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื“ืขื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก. 


ื’ื•ื˜ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืกื™ื’ืืจืขื˜ืœ, ื 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ื•ืกื˜. 
-- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 


1 

ืคืขืก ืŸ ืข ื›ืขืจ ื’ื“ืืœื™ืข ื‘ืึธืงืกืขืจ- 

ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื™ืจ ื ืฆื™- 
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ืืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ืš. 


ืฉื•ื˜ืคืขืก ืžื™ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžื 


ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฆื• ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 


ืฆ ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื 


ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ? ืžื•ืœื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ. 


ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืฒึทืกื˜ื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืงืœืึธืฅ, ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื™ื™ ื–ื™ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื’ื“ื- 
ื™ึทื‘ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ื“ืืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ื–ื•ื ื˜, ืืฉื•ื•ืขื ื ื˜ืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 

ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืค... 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืง.. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ โ€ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข 


ื“ืขืจื”ืขื“ื˜ ืื–ื ื ืฒึทืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜: ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื™ืจืขืฉ, ื”ืืจืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜, ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืก -ืœืืžื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืขืก, ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•ื•. ืืจื•ืžื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืฒึท. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื• ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข ื‘ืื ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš. ื“ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš, 
ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคืืœืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืื ืึธืข ื ืœื™ื“?ืœ. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื“ื- 
ืœื™ืขืก ืงืึธืœ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฑืคื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืื•ื™ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ: 

-- ืงื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ! 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜! 

ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ืงื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ. ืืฃ ื“ ื - 
ืฆืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืžืึธ- 
ืจืขืฉื›ื•ื™ืจืขื ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื’ื“ืืœื™ืข ื‘ืึธืงืกืขืจืžืืŸ. ืืœืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 


ื 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ 


ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ-ืœืื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื›ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข โ€ ืืฑื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึดืฉืฐืขื - 
ื˜ืฉื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืข- 

ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื• | ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข ื‘ืื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ; 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื• 

ืœืขืฆื˜ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ึนืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ื ื’ื“ืืœื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขื” , ืฆืึธืจืขืก", 
,ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง", ,ื˜ื•ื™ื˜". ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ?, ืขืœื ื˜ ืคืื“ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืื ื’ืข ืฉืœืึธืคึผืœืึธื•ืข ืจ 7 ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• 

ื• 


ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก, ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึด ืืคื ืืฉื˜ึฟืขืœื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื. ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ, ืŸื’ ืืŸ 
,ืืœืฅ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ?" -- 


ืœืขื’ ื ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืข 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื ืข: : 


ื’ืŸ ืค ื ึน 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืง, ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืืจื ืื–ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื• ืก 

ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื. 

ื’ืจืืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 

ืกืขื ืข. { ืืืฃ ืกื™ืžื›ืขืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืข- 

ื›ื•ื˜ืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื˜ืืงืข 2 ื’ื“ืืœื™ืข, ืึธื - 


ืฉ 


ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืกื•ึนืจืข, ืื– ืฆื™ืจืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืคืขื›ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก ื ื•ื˜ ืฐื™ ื 
ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืืœื›ืืžืึธื•ื•ืขืก. ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื›ืขื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘... ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื˜ ืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืฆื™ืจืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธื“ื™ืœื ื™ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš.. ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 


,ืื•ื™", ืคืืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœืึธืฉืขืก,.--ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื 


ื˜ืืงืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืž ืคึผ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก 
ืฆื•ึนื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ ,ืจืึธื“ื“ืึธื". ื ืึธืจ ืจืขืžืœื˜; 


ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืขื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ' ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื’ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจืืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงืื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืก. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืงื•ื ืขืœืขื -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. -- ืคื™ืจ ืžื™ืš. 

ื“ืขื“ื”ืขืจื˜ , ืงื•ื ืขืœืขืžืœ" ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึดืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ, ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ืงื•ื ืขืœืขืžืœ. ื ื•, 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ืกืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื•ื™ืขืš 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. 

ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,ืจืึธื“ื“ืึธื? ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื•ืŸ... ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืขืก ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืื’ืขื•ื•... ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืจ 


39 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื•ึผืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืจ- 
ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ืœ ื‘ืืž ืฆืฒึทืžืœ, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื–ืœืขืก, ื 
ืฆื™ืจ? ืžื™ืžืŸ ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืข 

ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ. ื“ื˜ืจ ื‘ืขื ืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ืืจืขืžื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ื™ื“ื™ึทืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– 


ืฆ ืข ืฆึน 
ื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ืคื•ืก. ื’ืข- 
ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš. 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืก-ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืืŸ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื“ื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ืจืœืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขื“ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ, 
ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืืžืึธืœ ืึธืคื˜ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื•" 


ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ. 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ,ื“ืจื ื™", ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืขื‘ืŸ ืž ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ื ืืฒึทืš ืืฃ 
ื’ืœืขื˜ 


: ืจ - ืจ 
ื ,ืคื™ื ืฃ", ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื 


ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืึธ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืข 
ืคื“ื™ื™ื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง! ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธ 
ืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืืœืข ื‘ 
ื˜ืขื“, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจ 
ื ืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


ืคืจื™ื™ื“- ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธื“ืŸ. ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ื“ืืœื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ืื‘ืึธ- 
ื ืขืก, ืฉืจืขืง ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืงืขืฅ, 
ืงื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืžืขืจืก, ื”ืืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜- 
ืื•ื™ื’. ืื™ืš == ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืข 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืžื•ืจ ืจืึธืก ื”ืืจื™ืฅ 


ื ืฆื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 


ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ 


ื‘ืข ืจ 
ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืึทื›ืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืš ื™ืข 


ื˜ - 

ืฆื™ืจืœืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึถืคื• ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ื•ื™ืจืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ื“ืืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื- 
ืฉืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื˜? ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืจื•ึนื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืืจื‘ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืืก ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืฉืขืง 
ื›ื ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข 


ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืก ืื˜ ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืกืืžืข ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืึธึถืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืฑื™ื›ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืžืฒึทืงืข-ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืึธืœื“ื“ืขื›? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ 

ืฉืืจืคืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืืœืฅ 

ืงื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ.... ื ืึธืจ... ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืขืš ื‘ืื 


2 


: 
2 
1 

=! 

:4 

ืฉ 


ื–ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื” ืฆืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘?. ืฆื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื ืฆื• ื’ื“ ืืœื™ืขืŸ: 


-- ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ื“ืืคืงืข ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš!.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ืขืŸ -- ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ --ืขืคึผืขืก ืขื ืœืขื›ืก ืืฃ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข, ื‘ืœื•ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื’ื“ืืœื™ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ 


40 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืื›ืขืจ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืงืขืฐื•ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืฆื™ืคืขืจื‘ืœืื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืค ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ืข... 


ืื“ืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ื™ืก 


ื ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืึธืœ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื›ืื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ. ื“ืขืจ 


ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 58 ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื™ 2 -. ื•ื™ื˜. ืืฃ 


ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ื•- 


ื˜ ; 


ืื™ื™ื ืขื 


} ื•ื™ ื  
ื‘ื ื ื˜ื™ืฉ? ื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืง ื™ืื˜ืœ, ืงืข 
ืจ ืจ 


3 
ืื™ ื’ืขื–ืข ืกืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืง ื ืฉื™ืœืข 


ื• : 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ-ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื• 


ื”ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’? ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืง 
ื’ืขืžืฒึทืกื˜ืจืขืฐืขื˜. 
--- ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, -- 
ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ื• ื™ื™ 
ื•ืจืŸืฃ. ืฉื™ืฉ ื•ื• 
5 


-- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ ืฒึท ืฐืึธื‘ืŸ 


ื™ื™ ืื™ 


ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜; 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืœืขื›ื™ืฅ... ืืฃ ืจืขืจ ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื›ึฟืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜, ื•ื•ื• 2 ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก---ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš 


ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื 


ืฆ 1 = ื•-=6, | 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืšืš ื–ื™ืšืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืึธืœืงืื˜ืฉ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


1 
ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจ- 

ืืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ืจืงื ืจืึธืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืฉ 


ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืœ ื’; ื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืจืขืคืขืจืื ืก, ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืข- 
ืŸ ืจ 
' 


ื›-ื”ืื‘ -1 ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ---,ื• 

ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ึน ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ". ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง -- ื 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื 
ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืค- 
ืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, 


ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืงื•ื• ื™ึทื˜. ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ื ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื‘ืงืฒื˜? 
ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ื’? ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืœืข ื‘ื•ื•. 


ื“ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆ' ื ื˜ืจืืคึฟืขืจ ืื‘; ืจื- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคืื“ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ึนืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ื- 
ืฆื™ืข (ืคืืจืงื™ืจืฆื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ , ืฆืœืื'). ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžืึธืจ- 
ื ืข ืคืื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืื•ื•ืึธื“-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ: ืื™ื ื–ืฉืข- 


2 


ื ื™ืขืจ-ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ -ื˜ืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ... 
ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื™ืœ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืง ืื™ืŸ 
, ืฆืœืื". = ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื? ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืก? ืื™ื™ื’ื - 
ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืืคืŸ ืื– ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื– 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืœืขื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ืŸ. ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืข... ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืึถืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ 


ื ื”ืึธื˜ 


ืื‘ืขื“ 1941 ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืืœื˜ ื’ืข- 


ื• 
ืขืžืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ; ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’- 
ื™ื•ืจ ืื™ -ื“ื–ืจ ื–ื™ื•ื–ื™ื™ื“ ืจื ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ 0 
ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืขืžืขืฆืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืข 


ื’ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜? 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืฒึทื’ืขื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ื ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื“- 
ืœืขืš. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื 


ืฉื˜ื™ืงืค ื“ืึธืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืืŸ. ืฐื’ ืื™ ื–ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


= 
ืฆืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืื™ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื•- 
-- ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื 
| ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื 
ื ื’ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœ- 
ื• 


ื›ืข ืื“ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ื?" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก: 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืกืึทืœืึทืฐื™ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืžื ืข-ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขื•ื• -- ื‘ื ื“ื™ 


ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื’ื™ืกืขืจ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืจืขืฐื•ื–ื™ืŸ -- 


ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 'ื“ืขื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื–ืžืŸ ืื“- 
ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ืืžื•ืฉืงืขืจ ืื“ืจืขืกืŸ' ืื™ืŸ 


, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ 
ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ึนื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืข ืื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื 
ื›ืืฆื™ื“ืง, ืื–ื ืื•ึนืŸ ืื–ื ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ืืœ, ืงืึธืจืคึผื•ื ื, ื‘... 
ืืื•ื•. ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืœืื  
ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜. ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืงืœืืกืŸ", ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’. 
ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ -- ื•ื•ืขืจื 
ืื ื“ื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื (ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ึถืขืจ). ื“ื™ ืืจื‘? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื•ื” 8 ื“ืขืจ ืคืื™ืจื˜ืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜, 
ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ื›ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืœืฒืš 


ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืžืข ืจืืžื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ืžืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’? ืคื•ื - 
ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื•ืข ื™ืขื“ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื’. ื ื™ื ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืกื˜. ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื•ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 


ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจืื. ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืฐื ืขืก ืฆืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื. 
ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท, ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, -- 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืื“ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืจ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจืœ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ื ืึถื›ื– ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ืฆื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ. ื 
ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืื˜ ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
,ืื•ื•ืืจื™ืข". ืืจืึธืคึผื˜ืื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืก? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ืคื•ึนืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง. 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข 
ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ 
ืฉืฒึทื ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืง ื˜ 
ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงืขื ืกืŸ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื  ื’ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ืœ, ืฉืืคื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ื ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ืš. 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื 
ืฉืœืข ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื• ืขื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘... 
ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึทืก ืฉื˜ื™ื, 
ืจื™ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื - 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื‘ื- 
ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื”ืœืืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื™ืงืืœืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ืขื ืขืœืคื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืข ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคึผ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื™ืœื , ืคึผืจืึธืคืข- 
ืกืึธืจ ืžืืžืงืึธืง". ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื ื’? 
ื•ึผ 


= 
ื™ื• 


ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื’ 
ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ืืก 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ , ื˜ืฉืืคึผืื™ืขื•ืŸ", , ืฉื˜ืฉืึธืจืก" 
ืื•ึนืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ืึธ-ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ. ืืคืŸ ืขืงื“ืืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ืžืึธืœ ื‘ 


ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ: ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื  1 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื˜ืฉืืคึผืื™ืขื•ื• ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื 
ืึถืจ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืื ืื ืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืืจ 
ืžืื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืื ื•ื, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ื‘ื- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืขืงืžืืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืคืึธืฃ". ืื™ืŸ 
,ืคื” ื ืžืืžืœืืง" ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืจื•ื•ื ื™ื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื’3 ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืจื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ื‘ืกื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืกื™ื, ืื•ืŸ --- ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื›ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ื - 
ืžืขืจืŸ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฐ?. ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’? ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื ืืคึผืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ืึธ- 


21 


ืจืื˜ 


ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ ื•ืืจื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ 


ืฆื™ืงืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ , ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื™ืจืขืกืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™"... ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืึธื-ื’ืืก ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืก ืžื™ืœื™ืžืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืื–ืึธืฐื•ืกืง, ืื™ื– ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจืฆื ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื“ ืฉื•ืœ-ืคึผืืจื˜ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก. 
ืืœืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืงืœืืกื ื™ืงืขืก, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข. ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 

ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœื˜ืข ืœืขืจื ื›ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ 

ืืจื™ืคืžืขื˜ื™ืง, :0 ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื” ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื• ื ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ 

ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื“ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืคึผืืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ-ืงื•ื•ืึธ- 
ืจื™ื. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจ? ืžืืจืงืก-ื’ืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื•ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืื™ ืฉื ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืฒ- 
ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ , ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ืืœ" 01646, 
?""ืฉืก89 ืื–ืกืขืจ 06 ืงืงื˜ื–ืขืŸ 

.ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืง ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ื™ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœื ื˜ ื’ืข- 

ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืฐืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ-ืืจื›ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ืฉื˜ืึธืœื’ื™ืกืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืžืืจื˜ืขืŸ-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ื?" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืœืึธื– ื“ืขื ืฉืœืืง, ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื– ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืงืึธืœื• ืจืขื•ื•- 


ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื. ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 


ื ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ, : 6 ื ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืจืื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืืŸ 
ื“ื™ -ืื™ื™ืฐืขืœืขืฃ". ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ึดืขืŸ -- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื›ื ืก-ื–ืืคื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธ- 
ืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื ื ื™ื˜. 
...ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜. 
ื’ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื, ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, -- ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ื˜ ืจืืžื˜ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึผืจืขื- 
ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืง? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืœืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืืข ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื’ืขื›ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื“?. ืฐื™ 
ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืš 


42 


ื”ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคืŸ 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™... 

== ืกื•ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื•ืกืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืืืœื•ื ื˜ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขืœ ืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ึนืง ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืืฃ ืจ . ืื™ืŸ 


ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื• ื”ื™ 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ; ื–ื™ 
ื™ื• 


ืฆื• ื“ืขื“ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืฐืขืŸ ืฐืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื ื ื 
ืืจื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’-ืืฃ-ืื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฐื•ึผืกื˜: 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ' ืžืืŸ --- ื ืฉืœืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ 

ื ืขื ืข ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’, 


ืื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 


ืŸ =, ื™ื•ื˜ = 
ืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืคืŸ , ื˜ืึธืœ- 
ื˜ืฉืึธืง" ื“ืขื ืžืื ืก ืจืขืงืœ -- ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืข 

ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืึธื˜ืข ืืœ 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืข ืŸ 

ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• 

, 


ืฐื•ืขื˜ : ืฉื™ 
ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืข 


ื˜ ืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื“ื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืŸ ืคึผืืฐื•ืึธืœื™ื ืงืข ื ืŸ} ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
1 ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ื ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืขืง ื’ืื, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืžืืกืข. 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ; ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜. 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ , ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ืืœืกื˜ืจืึธื™' ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธ- 
ื˜ื•ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืื›ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื˜ ืคื™ื, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืคื™ืก, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜ืก ื ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฃ 
ืื™ืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจืœ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื™ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื›ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืขืคืขืฉ. ืฉื˜ื™? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื˜ื•- 


ื•ื™ 


ืคึผืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืก, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
-- ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜- 
ืืžืึธืœ, ืคื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื›ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืื•ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“. ื ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 0 ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืืฒึทื™ึทื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก-ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืง 


ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" ื‘ืื ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™- 
ืขื•ื•ื ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ืกืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื˜ืื›ึผืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจื“. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ืกืœืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื ื”ืืจื˜- 
ืœืขืš ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ ืงื ื•ื™ืœืขื›?. ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืœืขื›ืก. ืฐื•ื•- 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื›ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื 
ื– ื™ืขื˜ 


ื / ืฆ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื“ื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื 


ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ 

ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืžืื˜- 
ื‘ื™ื™ืข. ืื™ ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื“ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืœื™ื™- 
ืจ . ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืก, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜, : ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 


ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ืœ. 
,ืžืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“", -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืึธื˜ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 
ื‘ื ื“ืขื“ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืงืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืœืขืš. 
,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ืœ? ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืœื˜ืข, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืืกื˜ืŸ?; . -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื–ืฉื™ืคึผืข 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืœืข, ืื– 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื˜ืจืืกืงืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื“ืœืขืš. ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜, ืžื™ืก- 
ื˜ืืžืข, ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืงื™ื  ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ืจืข ื ื›ืืงืื ื˜ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึฟืืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืจืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคึผื™ืฆ? ืงื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื. ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ ื ื›ืืค ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืืœืคืŸ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ึนืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื 


ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ืขืŸ. ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืคืื“ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“. ืงืึธืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืก? ืžื™ืœืš. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜, 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื. ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ?. ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืก ืืคื’ืข ืขื‘ืŸ? 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื”ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืฆืข -ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’? ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืข- 

ืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืกื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืžืืžืข, ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš. ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื 5 ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืข 
ืขืŸ. 
ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ื ื™ืืจ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืจืขืงืœ, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืœืขืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืงืึธืœื™ืข ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ?,. ืคืืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื•ื•ืข- 
ืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ืขืก ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ืž ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื’ 

ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ 
4 ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš? -- ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ. 

-- ืื•ื™ืคื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜,-- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืืคืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื›ืึธืœื™ืขื•ื• ื•ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉื™ื›? ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ; ื‘ื ื™ื‘ืืข; 

ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื™... ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ-ืื•ื™ื’ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื•ื”?, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืื ื’ืŸ ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 8 ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื›ื ื“ื™ ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืก, ืฐื•ืข? ืื™ืš ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืขื›ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 2 ืื•ื ื’ืข- 


|.. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ! ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ 


. ืคื™ืœ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข 


ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืฉืืคื˜... 
ืค ืกืขื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืจ. 


ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™, ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื- 
ื“ื™ืึธ-ื’ื™ืžื ืืคื˜ื™ืง. โ€ ื“ืขืจ ,ื˜ืึธืœืงืืคืฉ' ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืŸ. 


48 


ื• 
ืŸ 
ืŸ 
ื• 
ื• 
ืŸ 


ืจืึธืก ืžื™ืœื“ืข, ืจืึธื–ืขื•ื•ืข ืคึผืขื ืขืž? ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ื•ืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ. 
ืืคืŸ ื’ืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจื ืก, ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืงืข ืคืืจื˜ืขื›ืขืจ. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืœ-ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื”ืขืกืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™" ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื– 
ืฉื™ื›ืคึผื•ืฆืขืจ. ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืืคืงืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 

ืคึผืื•ืฐื•ืึธืœื™ืข ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืืžืขื˜ืงืขืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ ืžืื› : 
,ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื™ืŸ". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืข 

ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ ื 
ืคืืจืŸ ืืจ:ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜. ืืœืฅ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ! ื”ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืก- 


51 


(6; ืฉ=-8 2-2ืข 


ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืžื•ืจืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™- 
ื‘ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžื™ื–ืจืขื‘- 
ื“ึน ื™ื“ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืคึผื™ื’ 


ืื  


22 5 


9ื˜ :1 ื ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ-ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผ 
ืขื ื”ื™ืž? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“. 

ืื™ืš ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืจืฆืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’, ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื•ื– 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™-ืžืื˜ืขืจ!ืืœืŸ. 

ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื‘ืืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืขื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืคื• 
ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจ 
ืคืจื™ึทืข ื›ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื›ืื ืคื™ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ ืจ 
ื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฐื•ืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜. ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืจืืžืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืžืข 
ื‘ืืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืืœืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืจื•ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื•ื ื’ืก-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™? ืคืืจ ืื“ื‘ืขื˜ืกืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื•ื ื’ 
(,ืึถืึธื˜') -- ื”; ื’ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจ ื– ื ื‘ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ -- ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืจื•ื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื‘ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
8 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ,ืึธืึธื˜". ื‘ื ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธ- 
ื ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืœืขื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ืœืึธื•ื•ืข ื“ืจืืคึผื™ื ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจื- 
ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ื’ืึธืœืžืขืกืขืจ. 

-- ืขืกืื  ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื›ืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื ืื™ืขื”, 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืกืึธึทืฆื’ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืฉื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคึนืึธึถืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. 

ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืก? ืคืืจ- 


2 ืขื• 


2 


4 


ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ. ืฐื•ืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ , ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืกืึทืฆื’ืขืฐืขื˜"? ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื•ื ืง- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ? 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืœื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ืื–ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืข ื’ืค ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืกืคื™ื™ืงืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื” ืขื ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืึทืŸ 


ื‘ืœื™ื? 


0 
ื˜ 
2 
+= 


-- ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธืœ, ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 


?ืขืจืŸ, -- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืข- 


ื•ืืขื• ื ืฆื˜ ืฉืข 
ื ื™ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜? 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืงืฒื ืขืจ 


ื™ืจ 


ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ. ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ื™ 

ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, -- ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืืฃ ื˜ื™ 
ืงืึธื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืคื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ื•ื ื ื’. 
ืฆืขืš ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธื 
ืื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจื˜ืขืŸ-ืฆืขืš 


ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ื—ืื“ืš ื”ืืจื“ืคื•ืจ 6 - ื™ื™ื = = ื 
ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจืœื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ื 
ื‘ื•ื™ื ืข ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืคึผืœื™ื•ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ 


ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ, ืข 


ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื•ื•ืงืึธื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš / 


ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’. ื ืขืžื˜, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ 
ืžื™ื ืื™ืขื•ื• ืฐืึธืœื˜, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, 
ืจื“ 


ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืข ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ื’ึผื“ 

ืื™ืจ ืฉืขืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ :0 
ื‘ืขื ืงืœ, ืื•ึนืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื ืื™ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ ืจืื›ืžื™ 


ื˜ ,; 
+= 

0 
ื™ืฉ 


: 


2 


ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืึธืึธื˜" ื“ื™ 5 ืข 
ืงืขืก". ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 


ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื›ื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ืฆืฐืฒ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง 
ื›ืข ืงืืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึธืจื - 
ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจืฉืข. 
ืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ื’ืขืงื“ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. 

-- ื‘ืื ื“ื™ื“ืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืžื™ืœ, --ืืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงืข... 

ื›'ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืืค ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื’ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจืฉืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฑื‘ืขืจ-ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืึถืคื˜- 
ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืœืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืฉืข- 


ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื- 
ื›ืขื“ืงืขืก, ืคึผืœื•ื™ื“ืขืจืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข 
ืฉืึธ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข, 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
,ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ"? ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ึทืขืจืข ืคืืจืฉื ื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข 
ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืขืš ืคึผืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ 
ื›ื ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 


: 


ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ? ืคืืจ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืžื™ืจื– 


ื•ืฒึทืŸ, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™- 
ื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืืฐืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 

ืœืข ืคึผืืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš 


ืฉื˜ื™ื. ื–ื™ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืกื™ื•ื•ืข ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ื•ืž- 
ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ึถืขืจ. ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐืฒื ืœืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื- 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื- 


ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 


ืจืื˜ 


ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืœืืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ึถืขืจ ืื“ื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืคื ืขื-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื - 


ืจืืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืค ื–ื ืขื ืงื ื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื 


ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจื™ืง, ื ื‘ื™ื  
ืžืืจื˜ื™ื ืขื ืงื!* ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืคืขื˜ 


ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืขืจ- 
ื™ืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขื ื™ืกืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœืึทื ื“ 
ืคึผืืก ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืกืžืขื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื’, ืื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 

ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื›ื ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจืฉืข, 


ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. 

ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
| ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ. 

ืคึผืืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 

ื’ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 


ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 


-- ื ืื ื”ื•ื™ืื˜-ืื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ืคึผ, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื˜ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื›ื™ืคึผืึธื–ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธึทืžื ืข-ืฆืขืš, ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึทื ื–ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืกืขืจื’ืึธ 
ืึธืจื“ื–ืฉืึธื’ ื™ืงื™ื“ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื–ืฉื•ืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™- 
ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•?, ืฐืึธืก โ€ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืขืจื’ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื“ื“ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ื“ืขืจืงืข? ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, (ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธ! ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ... 
ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ?, ืฐืึธืก 
ื 2 ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘- 


ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ืืœ", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ื•ื˜. ืกื˜ืขืคึผืืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ , ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜; 

--- ืฐื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœึฐื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐื•ืึธื“? ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืจื›ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืฆื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืฆืœืื". ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ืคืจื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืขืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืง?.. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก, 
ืฆืœืื" ื›ืื˜ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

-- ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ื–ืืฐืึธืจื™ืฉ ื•ืข ืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื•ื˜ืืžืื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ = 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐืขื’ืŸ , ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ืคืจื™ืจื˜". 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคืืจื’ืข- 
ื ื™ื’ืŸ. -- ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืœืฒึทื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ?ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ื ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™- 
ื’ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื˜ ื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“. 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื– ื“ื•ืจื‘ ื›ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ 


ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 


ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืš... ืขืžืขืก? 

-- ืขืžืขืก -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืื“ื˜. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื›ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืื™ืš 


ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ืืฒึทื ื”ืจื• ื› 
ื ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ึนื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ: -- ,ื ืึธืจ" 


-- ืขืค ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ,ื ืึธืจ", 


-- ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, -- 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ืืŸ ืืœืข ;ื ืึธืจืŸ" ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื• ืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืข. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื›ืขื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš: ื‘ืืงืœืขืจื˜. ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื˜ืขื’ ืื“ื•ื ื”ืฉ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 


ืขืก ื–ืืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ' ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ 
ืฆื• ืืœืข ,ื ืึธืจืŸ" ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื: ื 
ืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. 
ืื•ื•ืœืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืœื™ืจืŸ... 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ 


ื™ื• ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 

-- ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื• 
ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื• ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ? 
ืฆืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐื™, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ืจืขื’ื•- 


ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ { ืฆืขืฉื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืืจื‘? ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ: 

-- ืžืข ืžืขื’ ืฉื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, ืืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜... ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื‘ื- 
ืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื›ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื- 
ืฐืึธื“... ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืึธื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืขืจื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื–ื ืงืœื™ืฒื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜?.. 


49 


6 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. 


ื“ื™ ื›ืื“ืื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ืจื™ืงื˜. ืืœืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืึธืจื“ื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืึธื“ื“ื™ืื“"-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ -- ืืฒึทื ืจืขื’ื•ืœื™ืจื˜. ืื•ึนืŸ ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื›ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง. 
ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืืฐื•ืขืง ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืงืืจื’ืข 
ืฐืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืงืœืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ,ื™ื•ื–ืฉ- 
ืกื˜ื?" ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ 
ืืจื•ื, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜-ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธื“ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื- 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“. 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืขืก ืขืจื“ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ;ื™ื•ืฉ- 
ืกื˜ื?", ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืง. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“,. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜... ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึถืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืจื˜ืขืŸ-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ึนืค- 
ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ืŸ-ืฉืžืขืœืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื•ืขื˜, 
ืฐื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืก, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ 


ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืึทืงืึธืคึผืขืก: ื‘ื- 
ื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื 
2 ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 

ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
0 ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ื’ืขื“ืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึทืฐื™ืึธืฐ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ื˜ืื–ืฉื ื™ืง ื‘ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืข- 
ืจืข ืื“ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขื• ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ! ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื 
ื˜ืฒึทืš... 

ื“ืขื“ ืฆื•ื’ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ื”ืจืขืžืœ. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ืคึผืข ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืฉึฐืœึฐืึธืฃ. ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ โ€ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ื ื’ืข. ืื™ื ื“ื•ืื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื™ื•ื–ืฉืกื˜ืืœ" ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื›ื™ืœืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜. ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ? ืคื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ --,ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ื™ืข" 02 ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืžืืจื˜ืขืŸ-ืฆืขืš 2 ื‘ืื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ ื“ื•ืื ืขืจ ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข. ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ -- ื ืื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸืŸ. 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜... 

ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข / ื“ืึธืœื™ื". ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึธืœื™ืข, 
ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืžืื–ืœ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืื ื“ืก- 
ืœืฒึทื˜. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ.. 


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ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฐื•ืืจื“ืึทืฐืกืง, 


ืœืื•ึผืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1910 ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ื›ื˜ืึธืœืคึผืึธืฐืึธ 
(ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜). ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1924. ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข, ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ- 


ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทึธืžืข. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 


= ื ื”ื™ 


(ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืฐืฒึทื˜-ื ืึธืš-ืฐืฒึทื˜") 


..ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ! ืขืก ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืกืœืขืกืŸ, 
ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ -- ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ... 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ -- 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ... 


ืœืขื ื’ืฑืก ื“ืขื ืฉื ืขืœืฆื•ื’, ืฐื™ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื“ื•ืจืš. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืฆืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื’ื- ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ-- 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก ืคื•ืœื’ืขืคืืงื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื›ืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืง. 


ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ! ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืคึผ ืื™ื–, 


ื“ืขืจ ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืก ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืืฒึทืŸ. 


ืื”ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืืฒืจืึทืคึผืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 


ืžืขืกืœืขืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ -- 
ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ! ืขืก ืคึผืฒึทืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜: ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ.. 
ื“ืึทืก ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ืึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜. 


ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ื ืฆื•ื’. ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง: ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืจื™ื, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฐืึทืจ?-- 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข-- ื ืžื™ืœื›ื•ื•ืขื’ 
ืœืขื ื’ืฑืก ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื›ื™ืคืึทืจ.. 


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ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืขืœ-ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 

ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœ: 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึท ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจืขืž. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™?. 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืฒืžืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืืžื˜, 
ืฐืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืึทืœืŸ ื•ื™ื’? 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืึทืกื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื ื”ื™ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜.. 


ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ-- ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜, ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืš, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจืกืขื ืืœ, 


ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœ. 

ืืฃ ื’ืจื™ื ืข, 
ืืฃ ื‘ืขืจื’-ืื•ืŸ-ืคืœื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜, 
ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜-ืฆื•ื“ื”ืื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ื ืข -- 
ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ! 


ื›ื™ื”ืึธืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“. 
ื‘ืื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืฒื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืื™ืš ืฉืคืืŸ. 


| ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ึผืกื˜ืข 

1 ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ: 

ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืขื, ืจืื˜ืŸ-ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืจืื›ืฐืขืกืŸ, ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ! 


3--3 


ืฆืฆืื–ืจื•ื“ืŸ 


ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงืึทืคื™ืขื•, 
ืคืื•ึผืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1900 ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื‘ืึธื ืึธ {(ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜). ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 19381. 
ืึธื ื˜ื™ืฒื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“. 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืจืข 


ืืฐื•ึผ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ!-- 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘! 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ?-- 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื‘. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึผืจืึทืงืึธืคื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื›ื•ื•ืื˜. 
ื ืฉืขื ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 


ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒืฒื“ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึทืŸ. 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืงืึทื•ื•ืขื“ 
ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ?-- 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ื•ืžืขืก?-- 
ืืฃ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ! 


ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื–ื™ื’ืœ 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืก'ื–ืึทืœ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทืœื™ืข?-- 
ื‘ืื ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜! 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ?-- 
ืึทื˜ ื“ืึท, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“! 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ--ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ 


ืื•ืŸ ื™ โ€ ืฉื˜ ืข ืจื  ื‘ืขืจื’. 


ื• 
4 


ืœื™ื•ื‘ืข ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจืžืืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1907 ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ? ืกืœืืฐื•ืื˜ื™ื˜ืฉ 
(ื›ึผื•ื™ืœืŸ). ืฆื• 17 ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•- 
ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. 
ื–ื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก. 
ืื™ืŸ 1929 ื–ื™ืš ื›ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. 


ื–ื™ื = 


ืคืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ : ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง: 
ื“ื™ ืจื™ื’ื ืœืขืจืŸ ' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื˜ื - 
: ื ื™ืข ื 24 
ื‘ืื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื’, ืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ื”ื ื’ืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื”ื™ืœืฃ--ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžืขื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ? ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ โ€ ืืœืก ืคืขืœืจ- 
ืฉืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืฒึท, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ืกื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก: ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜... ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜- 
ืจืืœืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง, ืื ืข ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื. ืฆื•ื 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืกืื›ืืง? ื“ืจืฒื™ึท-ืคื™ืจ ืงื™ืœืึธืžืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜: ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’. 

ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืœื’ืขืก 2 ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื–. ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขื, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 


50 


ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


ื“ืขื ื 8 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืข 


ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขื‘. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจื˜ืขืจื• ื• 
ืฉืฐืขื ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜. 


ื•ื•ืืœ ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœ;ืกืึธืฃ ืึด 
ื– 
ื™ื– 


! ื›ึผื•ื. ื’ื ืข- 


ื 
= ื˜ 
2 


ื• 3 5 , 

ื ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืข 
ืึธืœื’ืข ื–ื•ื‘ืงืึธ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ื ืึธืš 
ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื“. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ 
ืึธื ื–ืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืขืจื“ -- ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืฐืขืก- 
ื˜ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื˜ื?. 

ืื ืข ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ึนื - 
ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืืœืฅ... ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื™- 
ื›ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ึฟ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœื ื•ื‘, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคึฟื•ื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื“ื–ืขืœืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืืฉื›ืขืก. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืึธืกืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืขืจืฐื™ืจื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ืจืขื’ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื ึทืขืจ... 


ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื–ื™ื™- 
ื’ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ-ืขืœืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ึทืฉืขื•ื•? ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ืฆืข. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™? ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื“ 


ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืขื’, ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 


ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื• 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ึน ืฉืคึผืขื˜, 
-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืคื’ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ืžืื ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื™- 
ื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืืจืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืคืขืง. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ 

ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ-ืœืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขืฉืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื”ืึธืจ. ื“ืขื ื“ื•ื™ืคืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜. ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืœื™ืขื˜ ื ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ.. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข, ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง, 
ืฆื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืœื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืง ืฐืขื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืœื- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืœืื ื’ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืข 
ืจืขื ืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืึธ- 
ืžืื ื“ืขื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืงืืžืคืขืจ! ื’ืœื™ื•ืงืึธื–ืข!.. 

ืื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ืืš, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืšืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื•ื™ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืจื™ืกืŸ ืกื ืื“ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจืŸ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข... 

ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ืงืืžืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื•ืงืึธื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืืฃ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืž- 
ืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคื˜?... ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ืึธืŸ... ืกืฒึท ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™- 
ืงืขืฃ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ... ื“ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื ืข ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืฆื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืฉืฐืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 


ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ... 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืกืง ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ... ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืืฒึทืš... 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงืฉืขืจืฉืขืก ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ: 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ืื– ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื- 
ืจื™ืฉืงืฒื™ึทื˜ืŸ!.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜, --- ืžืฒืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•- 
ืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ... ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจืŸ.. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš... ื˜ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืก. 

ืื ืข ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืื ืง ืœืขื 
ืกืืžืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจืฒื™ึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืœื•ื˜-ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ 
-- ืคึผืจื™ึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™- 
ื ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืขืก ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจื ืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืคืจืฒื™ึท, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 

ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืฆื•ึถืขื ื˜. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ืžืข-ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืœื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ.. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืฒึทืกืขืจ ื›ืืœืื˜ ืื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ื“ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืืกื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืข 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืคืŸ ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ื”ืึธืจ... 

ื“ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ-ืœืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธืฐืข 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜. ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก 
ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ... ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ... 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข, 
ืื– ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืžืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง. 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข 
ื’ืœื™ื•ืงืึธื–ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ืฐื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ... 

ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืงื™- 
ืžืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข --- ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข -- ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ืข ืจื•ื™ื•ื ื›ืœื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ื™ื ืข, ื–ืข ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ... ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื”ื™ื™ืก? 

ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื- - 
ื ืขืœืข. ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื ืขืคืขืฉ?, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜. 

ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืœืฑื˜, 


ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜? 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


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ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืก ืžืืŸ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืžื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื˜ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขื ืข ื ืขื›ื˜. 

-- ืื•ืš! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื 
ืžืื“ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. -- ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ื™ ื“ืืžื›ืข ืคื- 
ืจื™ื›ื˜...---ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืœืขืคื˜, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฐื•ืฒึทื‘ืก ื‘ืขื˜, ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™. --- ืึธืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? 

ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. 

-- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื’ื•ื˜...-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื ื‘ืื”ื•ื•ึทืงื˜. -- ืžืื–ืœื˜ืึธืฐ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื ื ื–ื•ืŸ.. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื”ื•ื 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืฉืขื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืž? ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™.. ื‘ืœืฑืŸ ืงืœืฒื ืข 


ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืฐื•ืกืงื™ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1909 ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืฐืข? (ืื•ืงืจืื•ื ืข). 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1923. ื•ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 


ืœื™ื ื˜ืื’ื˜. 


ืฐืึธืœืงื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ,. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืกื˜ืฒึทืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžืฉืฐืขื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ---ื ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–, ืื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื ืก. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ... ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืœืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืŸ: 

-- ื ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื•ึน ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจืึธืงืŸ... ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜?.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜... ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื... 


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ืฐืึทืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงืœืึทืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคืืจืื ืขืŸ 

ืื•ื” ืคื ื—ื™ื” - ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืจ. 


ื‘ืœื™ื•ื ื’, ืจืฒึทืคืงืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืคืืœ, ื–ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื ืึทืš ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜? 
ื ืึทืจ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื’ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฒื ืžืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืœืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื“. 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืฒื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึทืฃ, 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ ื‘ื ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœืึทืฃ... 


61 


52 


ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ 


ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืง? ,ื’ื•ื˜--ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ?ืขื‘ืŸ. 


1960 -- 7 


4ื™42/ื˜ื˜ืขื–ื• ืจ;ื•ืข/, 1" 


ืฐืึธืก ืื˜ืึทืก'ืงืจืืคื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึทืš ืจื•ื™. 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื? 
ื ืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืืคืŸ ืฐืึทืจ ืคื•ื  ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื˜ืจื•ื™ื, -- 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืืฉืขืจ-ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ื›ื™ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขื’ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข-- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึทืจืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึทื’ ืืฒึทืš ืืฑื™ืก ื ืกืึธื“: ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ , ืฉืขื›ืขื™ืึทื ืŸ". 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ. 
ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื ื“ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึทื’ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขืจ: 
ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ืึทืžื˜ืขื•ื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“, ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ืึทืžื˜ืขื• ื’ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜,-- 
ืก'ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืœื ื˜, 


ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜. 
ื›ื™ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืึทืœืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฐื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข, ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜, 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœ ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ: 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืฐืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


53 


ื•ืขื’ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขื™ื•ื‘ืคืกืื™ื™ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜ 


ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ืงืœืืค ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒ ื“ื• ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื”. 


ืื™ื– ื•ืืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจื•ื. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื›'ืฉืคืืŸ, ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื, 


ืฐื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ -- 
ืคืืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื›'ื–ืึทืœ ืคืืจื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืง. 


ื ืึทืจ ื“ื•, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ? 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฐืขืจืŸ? 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ--ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ -- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜, -- 
ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœื“. 


ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึทืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, -- ื›ื™ื”ืึทื‘ ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ื“ื™ ืึทืฐื ื˜-ืฉืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ-ื ืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืจ ืึธื ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 


ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืข ืงื ืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคืขื˜. 


ื“ืขืจื ืึทืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ ื›'ื”ืึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ -- 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื›'ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’, 


ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืืกืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื™ืฉื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉืคื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. 


54 


+=.3..56.55ื‘, 


, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื-- ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜". 
ืื–ื•ื™, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ื ืึทืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ื“ืึทืก ืึทืจื˜ ืืฃ ื’ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 

ืจื•ืฃ ืึทืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืคืืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. 


ื–ืึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื ืฉืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ-ืจืืฉ, ืฆื™ ื’ืึทืจ ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื™"ืžืฒึท?ืŸ -- 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื ืืคึผ ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœืŸ, 
ืืฃ ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื ื”ืฒึทื˜ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืฅ ืึทืคืฆื•ึผืฐื™ืฉืŸ 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฐื™ืฉืŸ 

ืฐืขื˜ ืงืฒื ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ.. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื™ืจ ืจืืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ - 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ื ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 


5 


ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื– ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื’ื“ืืœื™ืข ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืฉืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืœ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ, 
ืืฃ ื ืจื™ืžืขืŸ-ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ื’ ื ืฆืฐื™ืขืงืœ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืฆืฑื˜: . 
-- ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื˜ืืงืข, ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ื›ื™ื–ืึทืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ? 


ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทื˜ื ืก ืืฒื™ื ืก ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ื›ื˜ -- 
ืฉืขื ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืึทื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง: 


ืคึผ5 


ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ -.ื™ืฅ 


-- ืึทืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ? ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื•ืจืฆืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, 
ืงืึทืœื–ืžืืŸ ืก'ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœ ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื’ื“ืืœื™ืขืก ื™ืึทืจืŸ, 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืึทืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ ืึทืคื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจ. 


ืฉืœื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื•ื‘) 


...ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึทืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืกื–ืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื–ืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ -- ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืื”ืขืจ, 

ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ... ื›'ื™ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื ื”ืืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, ืืฃ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื -- ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜ 
ื”ืึทืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉืึท.--ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜, 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก... ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืึทืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜ -- 
ื’ืขื ืขื ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื˜, 

ืื– ื“ืึทืก ื”ืึทืกื˜ื• ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, -- 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึท ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜.. 


ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื™ืก, ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ื•ืขืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืžืื›ื˜, 
ืฆื™ ื–ื™, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜, ืึทืคึผื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐื•ืขื’ 

ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง, 

ืื•ื‘ ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืฉืœืึทืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืจื’ืœืึทื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜... 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึทืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืก'ื–ืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 


1 .1960-6 


ื™ืื ืงืขืฐื• ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1890 ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืคึผืงืืŸ (ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืข). 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1918. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข. 


3 ืืกืืจ ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืŸ; 2 


ืื– ืก'ื”ืึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืกื ืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ืื ืข 
ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ, 

ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืงืื ืข-- 
ื“ืขื ืจื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ. 


ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืก ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืืœ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, 

ืฐืขืขืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืฑื™ืกืขืก ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜.. 
ืขืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึทืก ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืืœ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ. 


ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึทืคืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึทืœืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื›ื˜, ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ- 
ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจืœืึทื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืึทื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข, 
ืืจืฒึทื ื–ื™ื›ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื ืขื ื“ืข ืงื™ืœืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื ืงื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™, ืฐืึทืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจืฑืœ ืื™ื–! 
ื“ืขืจืœืึทื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข. 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืคื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื‘ืœืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, 

ืฐืึทืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืฐืึทืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจืคืึทืœื’ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืงืจืืžืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื’ื“-ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึทืก ื‘ื™ืœืŸ-- 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ืฐืึทืก ืืฃ ืคื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจืคืึทืœื’ืขืŸ.. 


57 


ืืค 6 


14118ืขืงืŸื–ื– ืกื–1ื–ื ืฅ63ื˜ืŸ 
3 111 1628 .800118 
.6666 ืžื–ื–ื–ืขืงืกื 116 


(ืคื•ืŸ ?. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืื™ืก ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš) 


ื ื–ื™ืŸ-ืคืืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’! 

ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“-- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ืืฃ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฐืึทืœืงื ื“ืœืขืš ืฐื™ ื•ื•ืขืฉ ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

( ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ-- ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™, ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

( ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ ืขืก ืคืœื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืฉืฐืขืœื‘ืขืœืข ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืง. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

| { ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืจืขื’ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜-- ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขื’ืขืก, -- 

|| ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืกืึทืฃ ืฐืขื’ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš; ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื–. 
' ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ-ืึทืจืขืึทืœ ื ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ืฉื•ืฐื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืก-ื‘ืึทืจื•ื•ืขืก. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื™ืขืกืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฐืขืก. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ื’ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืคืขืจื“ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข. 

ืขืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฐื™ื™ืกืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืึทืก ื’ืจืึทื– ื ื‘ืœื™ืืกืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื•ื™ ื ืฉืฐืขืจื“ ื ืึทืจ, 

ืื™ืš, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืจืื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ ื ืึทืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 


ื‚ ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆืขื’ืจืึทื‘ืŸ 
: ืฆื•ื–ืื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืขื, ืฐืึทืก ื•ื•ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, 
ื• ืฆื•ื–ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืืงืขืจ, 


8 


ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, -- 
ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ืฆืขืืงืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจ-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆืขืจืฒึทืก ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื ืขืจืข ื“ืจื™ืžืœืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืืžื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ, 

ืื– ,, ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ" ื–ืึธืœ ,,ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ" ื’ืึทืจ ื•ืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื–ืึทืœืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ. 


ืกื - 53 ื(ืกืจ- - ....11071142 

....111000ื ืกื–ืช6ืกื•ืช 21 

...ื•ื•ืขืก 1688 

(?. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜) 

ืขืก ื˜ืึทื’ื˜?. ืขืก ื ืื›ื˜?. ืฉื˜ืึทืง-ื™ื“ืขืžืขืจื™ื’ืจืŸ.. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืก'ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ืŸ.. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, 
ื”ืื’ืื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ... ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืกื˜ืึทื™. 


ื˜ืึทืœืกื˜ืึทื™.. ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ื™ืขื—... ืคืขื˜.. 

ืคึผืจืึทืคืขืกืึทืจ ืžืขื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืึทืฐ --ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™.. 
ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืขื™ ื ืึทืจ!--.ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืึทืคึผื•ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืจื‘ืœ ืฉื‚ื ื™.. 


ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจ.. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืข ืฉืฐืขืœ.. 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืขืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ื”ืขืœ.. 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ื™ืง-ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง-ื˜ืึทื’ 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืื• ื™ืึธื’ื˜.. 


ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ.. 

ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืขืŸ -- ื ืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื˜ืจื•ื™ืงืขื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜... 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืงืกืคื™ืจ.. ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืข.. 

ื ื˜ืขืจืฆืึท-- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœืขืงืœ ืœืฑื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืึทืก, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืึทืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื’ื™.. 
.-.ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ืขื™ 
ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ 


ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืคืืจืคืจื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื ื™ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืš ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜, 

ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคึผืึทืขื˜. 


* ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ,ืฉื’ื™ื™-ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื". 


59 


60 


ืขืจ ืคืจืฒืฒืœืขืš ืคืฒึทืคื˜.. ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜.. 
ืขืก ืคืจื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื™ื˜.. 

ืื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ 

ืžื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืืœื›ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ.. 

ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื•ื™ื ื˜. 
ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื–.. 


ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืื... ืื™ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจ.. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืก ืคืึธืœืง -- ื“ืึทืก ืคืึทืœืง ืืœื™ื™ืŸ -- 

ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืค ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืจ.. 

ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข ื’ืฒื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฉืฒืฃ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทืคืข ืœื™ื‘ืข... ืื™ืฆื˜---ื ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื.. 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืขืจื“, 

ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื.. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืจื–.. 


ืื™ืš ืคืœื™ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™... ืื™ืš ืคืœื™ ืืฃ ืื™ื... 
ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืข, ื•ื•ืืจื˜!.. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึทืš ืคืจื™.. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืขืจืŸ ื ืึทืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ื™.. 
ืื™ื’ื ืืฉืงืข, ื•ื•ืืจื˜! ื ื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ ืื–ื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื•. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืœื™ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื•, ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ... 


.1961--0 


ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1909 ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืงืึธืœื™ื•ื•ืงืข (ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข). 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืื›ืจื™ืง. ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืฒึทืงืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1930. ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืืกืงื•ื•ืข. 


= ื‘ืง ื•ื˜ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืš ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 


ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื ืฒื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฑื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืขืกื˜ ืฆืขืจื•ื™ื‘ื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ.. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 


ืืฃ ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขื ื˜, ืืฃ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืฆื• ื’ืฒืŸ-- 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืฑื‘, : ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ! 


ืฉืขื‘ื ืขืจ 
ืืก 


ืก'ืื™ื–, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ, 

ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ื“ืึท ืื•ื™ื›ืขื˜. 
ื”ื™ื™, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืขื˜, ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ!-- 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, 
ื’ืฒื˜ ืืจืฑืก ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื’ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ, 

ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืงืขืœืŸ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื ืึทืš! 

ืก'ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ื“ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ, 

ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืฉื•ืฅ ืื™ื, 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืžืขืจ, 
ืืœืข--ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข! 


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ื™ื™ื“ื™ื˜ ื™ืข ื˜ืื” 


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ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ 


ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืœืขื ืขืคึผ? ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืŸ 

ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืš, ืื– ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืœืขื 

ื–ืึทืœ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ.. 

ื›'ื”ืึทื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 

ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืกืึทืคืŸ, -- 

ื–ืฒ ืœืึทื–ืฅ ื“ืขืŸ ืืžืึทืœ ืžื™ืš ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ, 

ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ? 

ืื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 

ืฐื™ ืก'ื™ืคืืจืคืจื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ, 

ื’ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื˜ื•, ืื– ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ; 

ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืฆืขื‘ืœืึทื–ืŸ, 

ืึธืŸ ื ืกืึทืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื–ืŸ, 

ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึทืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ? 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืกื ืข, 

ืฐื™ ื ืึทืจ ืก'ืฆืขืคึผื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื ืึทืกืคืŸ, 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ื“ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืคืŸ. 

ืืœืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืคืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื‘ืืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ื”ืขืคืœืขืš ืฉื˜ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืข ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ื™ืŸ, 

ืื– ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืœืขื ืขืก ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ! 
ื›ื™ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึทืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ื”ืึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ, 

ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืกืึทืคืŸ... 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, 

ืฐืขืŸ ื ื–ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึทืœืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืึทืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ 

ื’ืึทืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื’ืึทืจ ืฆื•'ืงืœืขืจืฃ . 
ืกื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืึทืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืึทืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืค ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืกืข ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ืจืฒื›ืขืก ืฉืืจืคืข, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืกืืจืคืขื˜, 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื”ืฅ - 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“, ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜... 
ืืฒึท, ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ?: 

ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“, ึธ 
ืฐืฒืก, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืฃ ื ื™ื˜! 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืข-ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืคืŸ-- ' 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉ. 


ืงืึทื ื’ืึท 


ืงืึทื ื’ืึท!-- ื“ื™ืš ืฉืœืึทื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, 
ื“ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข, 

ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜. 


ืงืึทื ื’ืึทื•-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื‘ืืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข, 
ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ 

ืคืืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜-ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืžื™ืกื™ึทืึทื ืขืจืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืื˜ืื ื’ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ืก. 


ืงืึทื ื’ืึธ-- ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข, 
ื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืงืŸ ืงืœื™ื–ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ 

ื˜ื• ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื™ืฒื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜. 


ืงืึทื ื’ืึท! -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืขืœ, 
ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 

ื ืึทืจ ืกืข ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš.. 


ืืœ ื™ื™ 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื›ื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืงืื“ื™ืขื•ื•ืงืข, 

ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื›ื˜ืข ืžืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜, 

ืฐื™ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืืขืจืึทื“ืจืึทื ืคืืจืŸ ืึทืคึผืคืœื™. 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 

ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื˜. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื›ื˜ื™ืึทืจ 

ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึท ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 
ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, 


! ืฐืึทืก ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ, 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ืง -- 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ! 


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ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืฑื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืงืจื•ืžืข ื˜ืฒึทื›. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึทืœ ืขืก ืืœืฅ ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทื˜ - 
ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืกืข ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืžื™ืœ, 

ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคื•ื™ื’? 

ืืฃ ื ืคืœื™ื’?... 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ, ืฉืฒื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ, 

ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืงืจื•ืžืขืŸ 


ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืžื™ืœื™ืคืœื™ื’ืœ-- 

ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืกืข ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ื•ื•ืขืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ืคืœื™ื’? ืื™ื“ ื ื’ืœื™ื›ืขืจ... 
ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืงืจื•ึนืžืข ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืืœืฅ ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทื˜: 

ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื’- ื˜ืึท?, 
ืคื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืกื˜ืฑื’ืŸ-- 
ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืกืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฑื’ืŸ.. 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ 
ืืค ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืš 

ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, 

ืฐืฒึทืœื ืึทืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืฑื™ื’ืŸ. 


ื ื‘ื•ื™ื 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื 
ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืคืืคื™ืจ. 

ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื 
ืึทื ื’ืขืžืึทืœื˜, 


ื“ืขื ืฐืึทืœืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ 

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœ... 

ื ืึทืจ ืกืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ ืฐืฒ 
ื“ืึทืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ 

ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ. 
0--1961. 


ื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื– ืืฒึทื˜ืžืื˜ืึทืฐ ึฟ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1928 ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืข. ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืื ื“ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


2-ื˜ 


ืคืจื•ื ื–ืข. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1992. ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื ื–ืข. 


ื™ื•ืฉ 


ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉืข ืคึผืจืืฆืข. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขื“ืก ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืœืข ืฉื ื™ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืจืขื?. ื ื™ื˜ ืึถื ืงื•ืงืŸ, ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืฑืง ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืฐื•ื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืฆื ื•ื™ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ึผืข. 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขื”ืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื˜ืขื’, 

ื›ึผื•ื ืงืฉ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืง- ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, 

ืœืขื›ืข ืจืฒึทื–ืข. ื“ืึธืง ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืšืš ื‘ื™ื– ืจื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฃ 

ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืฆืจื™ืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืคืื“ืงืขืจืขืฐื•ืขืŸ 


ืขืก ื•ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืขืš, ืื—ื™ื™ื. 


ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’?, ืื™ ืคืืžืข ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืœ, ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืคึผืจืึธื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืจ, ืฐืึธืก โ€ ื’ืืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืืจื•ืž- 
5 4 ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜. ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืกืืžืืš-ื“ื•ื•ื•ืืœืŸ. ืื“ื•ื ื“ื™ 

| ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื“ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ื“ืขืจ ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืึธืคึผืึธืœืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื - 


ืœื ื ืง-ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืงืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ? 

ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื“ื’ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ ืืคืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ---ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื - ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืœืขืš-ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึธื›ืข- 
ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ื“ื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืจืขื’ื ืก. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฉืฑืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื˜ืฉื•ืข-ืงื•ื- ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคึฟืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืจื™ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืขืก. ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉืฐืขื ืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืฒืข ื–ืขื˜ ืฉืฐืขืกืฆืขืจืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•:?-- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื•ื™ื. 
ื–ื™ืš -- ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืŸ, โ€ ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืฆื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื. ืขืœื˜ืขื“ื–ืฒื“ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืข- 


4 ืข ืฉื• 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™... ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขื“, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืงื“ื•ื™ืฐื™ื, 
ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก? ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ึนื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื™ื ื“, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื–ื™ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 


ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื™ืึธืจ. ืขืจื’ืข'ืฅ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ืจื˜ืขื 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืืจ- ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืื•ึนืŸ ืฐืขื• ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜. ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข ืคึผืœืฒ- โ€ ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ืฐื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 


ืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืฑ- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ 


65 


ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก. ื’ืื ืฅ ืืจืืœืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœืžืึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจ 


ื’ืขื‘ืงื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื- 


ืืค 
2 
8 
0 


ื• 
ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’ ืื“ืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ ืืŸ ืืœืžืึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืžืึธื ืข. ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืžืึธื ืขืก ืžืืŸ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืข ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืฐืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขืžืก ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื“ืขื•ื•. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจื“, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™- 


ืขึน 
ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื- 


: ืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื›ืืงืขื ืข. ืคืŸ ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ื™ืกืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ ืืคื" -- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืข ืžืืžืข, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื ื•ืจ, ืกืื“ื™ืงืก ืฐื•ืฒึทื‘. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืข ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข, 
ื˜ืข, ื ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™. ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืกืฒึท ืื™ื ืขื 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ืงืขืก, ืกืฒึท ื ื‘ืื•ื•ืืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ 
-- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื˜ืžืขืŸ 


=! = 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉื ื•ืจ ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืข. ื“ื–ืฉื- 


ื• - 

ื™ืœื™ื, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื“, ืื™ื–, ื–ื™ 

ืžืืžืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืฆืข, ื ื’ืขืจืึธ- 
ื˜ืขื ืข, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš. ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืฐืขืจื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืจืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”; 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืข", ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐ 
: ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขื”ืก. ื•ื‘ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืค 
ื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืืœื" -- ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ | ื’ืขื• ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื• 


ื–ื˜ ื˜ 


+ ื— * 


(- 
2 
ืขื• 


ืž 
= 
(+ 
0 


ืฉ 
2 


, 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ 1 ืื™ืŸ ืืœ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื ื•ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืื ืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ , ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™- 
ื ืข ื‘ืืœื" ืึธื“ืขืจ , ืžืึดื™ ืงื!ื ื™". 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธ- 
ืžื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขื“ืขืžืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืคึผืœืขืš. 
ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธ?ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื–ื•ื™ ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืง 


66 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’. ื– 
ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ 
ื™ ืœืขืžืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื™ืค 


ืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื–ื™ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ 


= 
4; -| 


ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ึน ื”ื™ื™ืฆืŸ. 
ื–ื™, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ื ืขื•ืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ืขืœื ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื•ืืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜-- ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ 


ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื•ื• 
ื•ื•ืืกืข! ืืจ-ืŸ. 

ืื“ืื ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ื–ื™ื ื“ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก 


ื˜ ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึทื›ืข-ื’ืฒึทืกื˜. ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ื•ืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ึน ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืข- 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’, 1 ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฑ- 
ืฉืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ึตืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขืจืข ืขื›ื˜ ื™ืงืขืจ, ืงืœื•- 
ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื•ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 


ื• 
ืึถืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
,ื’ื™ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืกื˜ืืงืข --ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืœ ื ืจืขื›ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืื›ืข, -- 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขื’ ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ 


ื˜ 


12 2 
2 


0 
ืฉ 
1 


ืฉ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ื- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, 


ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ 


= ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืŸ. 
ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
: ื•ื‘ืจื™ 


ืืจืื ื˜ื•ื•; ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜. ื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื• 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ืฒื™ึทืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื–ื™ 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขื“, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื‘- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธ ืกืจืื˜ืงืขืก ืืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื› ืึดื™ืš ื“ืขืจื– 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ ืึธืจืึธื–ืžืื˜ืŸ. 

ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ึนืœึดื™ืข 
ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืึธื˜ืœ. 
ื“ืขื“ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืืžืคึผืขืจื˜. ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ื˜ืฒึท- 
ื ืขื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ ื›ึผืขืจ! ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜, ื•ื• ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ืขืง 
ืืฃ ื ื›ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืึธื– ืฆื•ืจื•, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 0 ืื™ืจ ื–ืืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืง ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 


ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืกืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื›ืื˜ื™ืฉ- 
1 ื ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืืก ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ? ืื™ื– ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงืึทืฉืžืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื™ืขื˜. ื“ 
ืงื•ืงื•ืจืฑื•ื–ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื  ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืง ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ! 
-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืฅ, ืืจืฒึทื - 


ืฉื˜ืขืงื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืขื“ืข | ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฉืืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 


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ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืคื•ื, ื‘ืข ืง ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืœืึดื™ืŸ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ? 
ื›'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืžืึธืœ, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข' ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื“ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข! ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืฒึทื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืขืก ื–ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, 


0 : 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื ืื ืฆื‘ืœืข {ืŸ?. 


. ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ 


ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทืœื“ืื˜ ืงืขื, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 


ืื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื ื•ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
:' ื ืืœื ื™ืงืขื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ 


ื• 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜! ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ- 


ื•ึท 
ืื™ืš ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, 
ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื“ื™ื™ื˜. ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 
-- ื ื•, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฉื ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ื ืื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื™, ---ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืืฃ 
: ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœืึธื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ื˜ืžืฒึทืœ. ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ื™ืง, ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ. ืึด-ืึธ, ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข- 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผึทื–ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขื• 


ืฉืœืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื• 
0 


;-* 


ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ ื™ืจ ืขื ืจื™ืงืŸ. 

--- ืื•ื™, ื“ื• ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขื˜ื˜ึทื ืขื˜, ื•ืข ืจื ืงืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขืก 0 ืจื™ืจ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ื ื“ืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงืขืจ' ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฆื•ื˜ ื˜ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ืืคื•ืืงืŸ. 

-- ืืœื–ืึธ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืื˜ืœ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืฐื•ื™ืœื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ื ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข, ื•ื– 


ืื™ื ื˜ืืงืข ืึธืคึผื’ืึธืœืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืึธื–ืžืื˜ ืคืœื™ื ืง 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ. -- ืงืขื™ื˜, 


ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื›ื˜ื ื’, ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืจื“ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืื˜. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 

ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ื‘ืื‘ื™ื˜ืฉืข, 
ืคืขื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื™ืจ. ืฉืื˜, ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืื ื•ืืจืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื: ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ 
ืื–ื... ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืจืึธื ื˜. ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืืœื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 


ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื 


ืฐื•ื™? ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื ื•ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ. ืขืžืขืก, ืกืขื™ื˜? ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืกืขื™ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื ืฆืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™- 
ืœื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืืœืขื ืึธืœืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, 
ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ึทืŸ 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจืก 
ืœื•ื™ื‘-ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืงืขื ืขื. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ืืงืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื - 
ืฆื™ืข. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ 


ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ืžืืžืขืŸ: 
ืก ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึดืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจื™ืŸ, ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ืฉืงืึทืฉืข, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœืฃ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
--ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืคื™ืœื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืื™ืš ื ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง, ืฉืœืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ 
ื•ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ. 


-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื• ืืฃ ืื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืข ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ :ื ื”ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืจื™ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ! ืคื•ื ื•ื•ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ื“ื• ื›ืึธื›ืขื ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! 


-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ! ื ืฐืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืœืข, ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื’ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืŸ, 
ื“ืื“ืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืž 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืึธื–ืžืื˜, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืคืืจืืงืฉื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืืงืฉื ื˜, 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืคื™ืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜: 

-- ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื’ื™ื˜! ืก'ืื™ื• ื“ืึทืš 
ื ืึธืš ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก! 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืŸ ื– 
ื ืขืŸ! ืคึผื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ } 
ืฐื•ื™ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืขื ืข 


ื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ... 


ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ, 


2 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 


ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื  
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื–ื ืฉืž 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืง ืง? ื  ืคื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื–ืฉ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื’ ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืฐืขืคื˜ืขืจืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืงืœืขืคื ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื–ื™ืืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืข ื‘ืืžื™ืฉ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ื“ืืš. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ, 
ืื•ืคื’ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’?, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
ื ืคื™ืืœืข ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืžื™ืœืš, ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืข, 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืืคืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื‘ื›ืจืึธืงืŸ ื›ืจื•ื™ื... 

ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธื–ืžืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืืžืคึผืขืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืจื•ึนื•ึตืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืคื˜, 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ... ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 


=4( 
24 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 


67 


ื ืื˜ 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื‘? ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ื“ื™ 
ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ืึธื“ืึธื–ืžืื˜ืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜- 
ืฐื•ืขื“ื˜ืขืจ. โ€ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืฐืฐืฒึทื˜-ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื›ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื- 
ืžืขืก ื”ืืจืฅ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื- 
ื“ื™ืจืก ื‘ืืงืึธื™ืฉืข. ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื™ืฅ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื•ื™- 


ื’ื™ื˜ ืจื™ ืžืืžืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ 


ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื“ึน 


, 
ืึธืก ืืœื™ืฅืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 


ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงืฐืขื ืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


, 
ื›ืคึผื“ืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ 


ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืœ ื›ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’-ืื•?ืœ ื‘ื- 
ืงืื™ื• ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ืคืขืจื“-ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื˜ื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืกื- 


ื–ืŸื•. ืกืื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื• ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึท- 

ื“ืึธืก ืขืžืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืž ืืฉ ื ืื– ืงืื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืง ืจืขืจื˜ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื’ืขื’ ืขื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ... ืื - 


ื”. ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื• 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 

ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืฐืขืง 
ื“ืขื“ืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ืึธืœื˜. ืื– ืกืื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ึผ 5 0 ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืจื™- 
ื ืขื“ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืื–ื•ื™, ืฆื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™- 


ื•ื–ื•ื™, 
ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืกืื›ืืง? ืคื™ืจ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื. 


ื”ืฆ 


ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืขืค- 
ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื“ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ื•ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 66 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืื™ ื™ืข ืŸืื™ ื ืื”ืืœื˜ืืจ 
ืื™ ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืขืคืขืก ืืœ ื‘ืœืฉืขืก, 
ืืคื™ืœ ืก. ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขื•ื•- 
ื“ื™ืง. ืžื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื, ื ืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืœืขื’ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ 


ืคึผืขืก ืฉืืจืคืก 


1 
ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ - ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ื ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ืฉื™- 


ืžืขื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ... 

ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึด ืคื˜ ื‘ืืงืœืึธื’ืŸ: 

-- ื ืฉื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื’ืึธืœื“! ื ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš 
ืึธืŸ ื ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ื ื’ืœ ืื™ืจืก ื“ืจืขืฉื˜. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืฉืข ืคืืจ ืœืฒึทื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท ืคืืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข. 

-- ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื–ื! -- 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข. -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื•ึน ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื›ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื ืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืœื™ื ืงืข, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœืข 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


8 


ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืึทืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™- 
ืงื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื‘ื ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ: 


ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ื–ื™ ืœื™ื‘ 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ. 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ -- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื‘ืึธืžืข. ื“ื–ืฉื- 


ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™- 


7 ืฉืจืฒืก 
ืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 


ืฉืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ: ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืž? 
ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืค 
ื”ืืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ื 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืืœืข 


ื–ื™ ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืื•ื•ืขืงื™ืฉื˜ืขืœ 


ื“ื•ืจืŸ 


ืจ 
ื 


ื”ื•ื•ื“ืจื–ืืืฃ ื™ื•ืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื  


ื 

ื• 

ื“ืืกื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื˜ืืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ 
ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 


ืžื™ื˜ ืžื–ึผ 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืื  ืจื˜ืข, 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข 


ืื™ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธ?ืœ ื’ืขื•ืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืึธืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ืคึผืจืืฆืข, 


ื™ื‘ 
ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™,4 ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืฉื ื•ืจ. ืขืžืขืก, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท 


ืข 
ืคืื“ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข, ืึธื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 


ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ... ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 7 ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื ื™ืจ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึถึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื 


ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืื›ืœื™ืฉื™ืฆื”ืื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’,. ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืข 

ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืืกืงื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆ- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 


ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืื•ืค ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื, ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, -- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืืžืึธืœ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ื‘ื- 
ืœืขื›ืึธืกื˜ืข, ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก, 
ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืฐืขื“ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข- 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ.. 

-- ื ื“ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื ืืœืืš, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฐื•ืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื™ืง? ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ, ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจืŸ... ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื•, 
ื“ืื ืงืข ื•ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ื, ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืฐืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜. ืึธื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืœื™ืง ื ืขืกื˜ืขื˜: ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืึถืคึผ- 


ืจืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ. ื’ืขืจืขื ืง 


ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ 


11 


ืฉึผ ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื- 
ืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืึธืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ื• ื™ื“ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฉืจืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
4 5 


ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืืคืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก 
. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื ึดืงึถืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. 
ื”ืึธื‘, ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข, ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ 
ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืืœืข 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ 
ืกืื“ื™ืง 
ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: , ืื™ืš 
ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜". ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื˜ืคืืจืžืฒื™ึทื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’: ,ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก : 
ื‘ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืืœืืก. ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื 
ืขืจื ืึธืจ = -ืžื™ืจ 


ืื™ืš 


ืงื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง 


ื”5-, - 


ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืืก 


+ ืขื• 
ืคืŸ 
4 =+ 
ืง: 
21" 
/= === 


- 
= ื™ื™ 
ืขืจ 
44 
= 


2 


ื“ื™ 
6 


ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉื™ืง 


1 

= ืจ 
ื•ื˜ 
2 
2 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึธ 


ืกื˜ืข ืงืจื• 


ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ 


ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืกืึธืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืกื- 
ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ื›ืืคื ื“ื™ืง, ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; ,ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื", 


ื ื•, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื - 
ืจืฉ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ื ื“ืื ืง ืืœืืš, 

ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื™ืฐื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืึธื“ืขืจ 


ื˜ื˜ืข 
ื ื›ื“ื™ื•? ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 


ืฐืฒึทื ื‘ื˜ 


ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ื ื™ื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืกื™ืฉ. ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืกืื“ื™ืง -- 
: ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 46 


ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืืจืฆืœื˜ืข ืืข = ื•ื™ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ 


ื™ื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ 


ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. 
ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ 


ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 


4 
ืฉ 
ืฉ 


ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจื”ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืคื™ื™- 
ืึธื˜ ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืืฐืขืง, ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 


7 ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื™ื™ึทืขืง ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง; 

-- ืงืข ืื” ืฐื™ ื ืงืืžื™ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–! -- ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. -- 
8 ืื•ื•ืื” ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืื˜ืข- 
ืžืืžืข ืžืื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. ืฐื•ืฆ- 


ื 


ื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื”ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื›ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืœ, ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืืฃ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: 
ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘, ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 2 ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง. ืžืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉ 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืขืก ืืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ืฉ 


ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ 
ื™ืื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ 
, 
ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขื; ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ืข ืขื ืžืขื 
ืฆื•ื ืคื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืืœื™ื– ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 


ืืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ :0 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 


ื–ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงื•ืคืขืจื˜, -- 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืข 


ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ! ื ืืจ ื“ ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜? ื‘ืœื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืœื™ืง? ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคืืœืง 
= ืคืืœืง ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื. 0 ืขืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื’ืกื˜ื•, ืื– 

ื ื“ืขื“ืข ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื ืื•ื™ืก? ื‘ืขื ืง, ืืœ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’! ืฐืฒึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ 


ืืจื•ื™ื! 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื ืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
, ืžืืžืขื ื™ื–,4 ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธ-ืจ-ืจ 


ืจ ื ืื“ื™ืงืก 


ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื• 


ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคึผื•ึผืš- ืกืืจืื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืง ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืก 
ืื”ื™ื™ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื’ื ื“ื•ื ื’ 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ึนื›. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืืค 
ื˜ื™ืง ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
: ื’ืขืคึผืขื ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืœื™ื•ืฆืขืจื ืข-ืคืขืœืจ. ืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ 
ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™- 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืš. ื”ืึธื› ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืจื“ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ื ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืขื›? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขื“ื ื™ืฉ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก 
ืžืึธืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื›ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืคืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื•ืฆืขืจื ืข-ืคืขืœื“ ืคื™ืจ ื 
ื“ืข" ืคืขืจื“. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ืคึผ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก! 


ื“ืขืจ 8; ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ ื™ื˜ 


ื˜ืจืื˜ 


ื‘ ืขื™ + ืขื  


69 


ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืคืจืขืžื“ืข" ืคืขืจื“, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื–ืขื›ื ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจื ืฒึทืš. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืื’ื™ืืจืก ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ. 


ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื•ื•ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ 
5 ืจืฑ *ืื“-ืŸ ืืจื™ ื™ื™ ื™ !ื–ืจ- ื™ื™ +' * ื” ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื• ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื 


ื˜ื•ื™ืง. 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก -- ื“ืื ื–ืืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื”ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืŸ 


ืจืขื• 


ื™ืข 
(ืฆื• 
: 
2 
: 
ื•ื• 


- ื’ื™ : = ื’ืืจ ื™ื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืื ื™ืงืข, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ืขื‘? 


ืงืข, ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ื 


ื™ืš ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. 

-- ืฆืฐืฒื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื•ื™ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™, ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื, 
ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ึธื“, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืขืจื“. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ 


ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืข? 


ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืข 


ืฉืขื ืข. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ 
ืคืขืจื“ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื•ืฆ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 

ื ื•, ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ! 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืึทื•ื•ื ื˜-ืฐื™ื ื˜ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’, ืื™ื• ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื“ืื ื™ืืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข 
ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ึนืค ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒืฒึทืš. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื•ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ื” 


5ื˜ืจืŸ 


4ื-ืŸ 


ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ 
ืืงืกืœ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฉืืจืฃ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืขืกืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืง, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ.. ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข, 
ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื ืื›ื˜-ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ืฉืึธืจื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ? ,ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ 
,ื˜ืฉื•ื“ืืง" -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™- 
ืฉื ื™ื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’? ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜. ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืขืžืขืก -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ! ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ 


70 


ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึถื ืงื•ึนืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ 
ื ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื ืงืึธ- 


ืจืขื•ื•? ื˜, ืื• ืžืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืขืก ื”ืื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื ืžืข- 
ื› ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸืŸ.. ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืœ. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื•ืืจ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขื“ ืึนื™ึธืœ. ื˜ืืงืข ื ื”ื™- 


+- 
= 
= 
ืก 
2 
+= 
2 
2 


1 


ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืžืขืกื• 


ื’ืขื˜ืจื“ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ 


ื ื•ื™-- ืขื• -;ืขื•ื•ื--ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ 


ืขืจ ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข. ื’ืขืืจ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืฐืึธืœ-ืกืึทืฐื™ืจื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 


ืื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืจืขื ืขืจ ืฉืื›ื˜ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฐืขืง ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื•ื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 


ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜. ื 

ืฉึผ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืืจื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ืžืืžืขืœืืฉืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืคืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธ ืื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื- 
ื–ืื›ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืื ื™ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืœืึธืฉืŸ! , ื˜ื•ืœืคึผืืจ* ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื‘ื•ืŸ". ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืึธืœืง!.. ืื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึถืฐืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืจื™ื™ื˜. ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืžืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืจืฒึทื•ืœืขืŸ ื 


ืจื•ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืกืืงืืœืŸ. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื“ืžืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืื ื•ืืจืก ื˜ื- 
ื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื ืฉื˜ืื 
ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก. ืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืœ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื˜ ื 


ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืืง- 


ื”ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉ 


* ื˜ื•ื›ืคึผืืจ -- ื ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจื™ืฉ ืคืขืจืจ." 


ืฉ 
ื˜ 
ื˜ 
2 
ืฉ 
2 
2 
4 
2 
ืช 
17 
54 
= 
ื’ 
ืฉ 
= 
ื™ื• 
ืฆื•ื™ 
2 
= 
ืž 
0 
ืจ 
ืฉ 
2 
ืฉ 


2 ื˜ื™ ึฟืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื’ืคื™ืกื™ืงืŸ ื“ื- 

ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืฒื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืขื• ื’ 

ืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืฒึทืš- 
5 


ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ 


ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ืœื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ื™. ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™- 

ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื™ื•ื ื’ืœืขืจ, 
ื• 


ื’ืื“ื™ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก. ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื˜ื•ึนื™ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื– ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ---ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, 
ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึนึผืึท- 
ื ืขื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ืข, ืคืืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ... 

-- ื ื“ ื ืืคืŸ ื ืงืึธืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืฆื•- 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 


ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข 00 ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ืื ื•ืืจืก ืžืึธื“ื ืขื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 


ืฆื• ื• 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 05 ื‘ื™ื›ืœื? ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ื›ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ. ืื• ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื !ึธืืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ืง. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขื“ืฐืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ: 

== ืื•ื™, ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ืข ื‘ืืœื, ืคื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืจื“ 
ืื”ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืžืขื˜ืŸ ืฐื’ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ? 

| ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื›ื- 

ืขื’ืึธืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, 
ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื - 


ื“ื™ืง, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื !ืืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–: ืืฃ 
ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก ืœืื ื’ืข ืคื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 


ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ืจื–ืึธื•ื•ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื›ืึทืœื™ืขืฐืขืก, ืื•ึนืŸ ืืฃ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฆืขืจืขืคึผืขื˜ืข ืคื™ืื˜ืขืก. 

=ืืงื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ื ื”ืึธืจืข, ื 5 ืคื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜.---ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉ ืคืืจื• ืฐืึธืจืค ื™ื™ ืฉึผ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขืฐืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืขืคึผ! 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทืž- 
ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื- 
ื ื•ืืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก 
ืคึผืขืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ื“ืื ื•ืืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืžืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ 


ืื ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’. โ€ ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง, ืื™ื– 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื : ืื™ื ืึด 

ื– 


-- ืื˜ 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ? โ€ ื ื™ื™ 


ื ื‘ื- 
ืฆืจ + ื• 
ื™ึผ 


1 

ืฑ 
ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 


, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒื™ึทื‘ื˜, ืื– 
ื ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ื™ื‘ ืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜! ื”ื™ื™, ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืืœื, ื ืจ ;ื•, ืงืจื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, 
ื™ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ ื™ ื•ืขืง. / 

ื“ื•ืœ ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืืจ 


ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื›ื˜ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืื ื™ึธืืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ; 5 
ืžืึธืœ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื™- 
3 ื™ื˜ = ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืข 

ื™ึผ 


ื™ื™ 
ื•ื• 
ืชื› 


ื™ื• 1- 


1 ื–ืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜... ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ื™ื• ื“ื•ึผ ืืžื™- 
ืœื™ืขืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื ื ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขื›ืึธื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืž ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™- 
ืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜.ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืขืœืžื™ืฉ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืœืื›ื ื“ื™ืง 


3 ื• 
ืŸ ื“ื™ืš, ื“ืื ื•ืืจ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ 


: 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ, ืื™ืŸ 


ืคืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืœื™ื™ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื•ื•ืขื’ 

ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ,ืืš, ื“ื• ืฉืœื™ืžืื–? ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืฉืขืžืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ึน ืืœืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก!* 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงืœืขืจ ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืŸ, ืื™ืจ 

ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืื•ื•ึผืข ืืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฆ:ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืฅ-ืืœืฅ. ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืฃ ืื™ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ: 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืกื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ืจื•ืฉืขื ืข 
ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜! 

-- ืคืึธื– ืึธืคึผ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื ืžืื› ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, -- ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคืืก 
ืื™ืš, ืื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืื˜ืŸ. 

ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฉ 
ืœื™ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ... 
ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืก ืืฃ ืื™ื“ ืงื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื–ืืง ืืคืŸ ืืงืก? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืงื˜ืืกืงืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืžืืจืง-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืžืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืฉืืคื˜, 


ื’5 
:7 
: 
2 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื. ืื– ื“ื•ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืกืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 


4 ืจืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื- 

ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขื ืข, ืคื™ื ืงื˜ืœืข- 
8 ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ื’ --- ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืคืืจ- 
ืงื•ึนืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ืงืข ื ืขืžืขืŸื ื–ืืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื’ื•ึนืฃ, ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืŸ ืืงืกืœ. ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ื“ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืœืขืš- 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืงืขืฐื•ืขื˜ืข ืฆืขืคึผ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจืฒื›ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ 


21 


ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื”... ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืœืืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขื ืื ื“ืขืจื, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ื’ืข- 


ืื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ 
ื•ืืจ ืงืึธืŸ | ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 0 


ื•ื™ ื’ืขืค 


ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, 


ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš! 
ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข!" -- 
ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 


ื‘ื•ื™ื– 


ืื™ื›ืขืจ 


ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื–ืขืงืŸ 

ืึถืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง. 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข, ืื™ื– 
| 


ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืขืง, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ 


2 ื” 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื 


ืข ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ, ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผื•ื“. ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืคืคึผืจืื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึธื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 


ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ 


ืจ 
{};ื’ 


ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. : ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืก ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ื ืคึผื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืฒื’- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืขืง ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ื ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 


ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ื ืกืึธื“ ืขืคึผ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคึผ? ืฆื• ื“ืื ื•ืืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜, ืœืึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง 


ื“ 
ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจื’-ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืš-ืœื™ื ื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขืŸ 


6: 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
: ืฐืฒึทืœ ืค'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ึนื’. 


ื”ืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 


' 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. ืค'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 


ืฉึผื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 

ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ื ืคึผื•ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 

ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื”ื™ืงื˜ 


ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื˜ื•ื•ื’ืข. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ ื 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื- 
ื ื•ื™ึธืืจืก ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข 


ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ื–ืืง... ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ ืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 0 
ื›ื˜ืขืจ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก 

ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื 
; 


ื•ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ ืืจื•ืฃ. ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื. ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ โ€ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื 
ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ 2 ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื - 
ื‘ืœื™ืง ื ืฉืœืขืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง ืื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืง 


=== ื“ื™ 8 


72 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืื™ื ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืจืื ื“, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ืขื ื–ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื™ื ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ --- ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง... ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ืขื’ืืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ: ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืืง, ื ื•, ืื™ืŸ 


0: 


ืฐืึธืก? ืืœืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขื! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจืืค, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜: 


ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ืื“ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขืจื˜ 
ื•ืืจื˜. 


0 - ืฉืœืข ืคึผื˜ 


-- ื•ื•ืืจืฃ 
ืขืฉืคึผืืกื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 


ืฆืข; 


: ื˜ืืงืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืœื™ื ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื ื’ืขืฆื• ื™ื™ 

ืขื“ืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื 
ื ื™ึธืืจ ืคืืœื˜ ืฆื• ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื ืžืขืจ ืืฃ ื– 
ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก. ืฐื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ึธ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ืขื’ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื›? ื–ืฒึทืŸ 

ื• 


ื ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผืืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ. ืฐื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ื˜ืข, 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ! 

-- ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึทื ื˜. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืง. 

ื›'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. 
ื’ืขื›ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืข 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ; 
ื ึธื•ื™ื ืคืืž/ ืขืœืขืš, ืคืืจ 


ื” 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก. ื™ืขืจืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืง, ืื– ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื–ืฉ ื 
= ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืจืขื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืŸ.. 


ืึธื›ืขืจ ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืืค, 


ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 


ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืคื- 
ื›ืขื“, ืื–ื ื‘ื•ืฉืข, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–. ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืืกืข, ื“ืขื ืฉืืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ืืงืœ 
ื ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืก'ืื™ื– 2 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืฐื™ื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ืก... 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™- 
:0 ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืก-ืฐืฒึทืก. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืืคึผ- 
2 ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืข :ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื›ึผืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 


ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืืœืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ึน 


ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจืืคึผ. 
ื“ืื ื™ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืค, ืขืจ 
50 ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง ืืคืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ -- 
ืึธื• ืจ ืขื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข ืคึทึผื ืฐืึธืœื™ ืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจืึธื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงื ื™. ื”ื• ืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื. 
-- ื•ื•ืืจืฃ, ื•ื•ืืจืฃ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ืขื ื–ืืง! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื•ึธืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื“ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง, 
ื‘ืื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืืคึผ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ื, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก 
ืงืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคื•ืก, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜' ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื•ื•ืืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ... 


ื•ื•ืื“ืฃ ืืฐืขืง! --- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 


ื ืึธืจ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืืฑื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืืœืข, ืกื  
ื“ื™, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ: 
ื‘ืึธื“ืฒึท ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืืง ืื•ื•ืขืงืคืืœืŸ, 
ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืฒึทืคื˜ ื ื 

ืฐื™ ื 5 ืœื™ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื™ืืจ, ื•ื•ืืง- 
ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืคืฆื• 2 : ื 
ื’ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ืืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคึผ-ื‘ืจืขื˜ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื. ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ืขืฐื™ื›ื˜, 
ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื™ื ืขืค ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื” 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš' ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ืฆื• 0 ืฆื• ื–ืฒึท- 
ื’ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜: ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื™ื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ 

ืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 

ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ (ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉ ืฉืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืื ื•ืืจืŸ. ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ืœืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืึธืจืขื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื’ืข- 
ืคืขืจืœืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืค? ืžื™ื˜ืœืฒึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืงืข, ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 


ื™ื™ ื 


ื ืึธืš ืื™ื. ืื™ืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืคึผืจืขืกื˜, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืคื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 


ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื, ื“ืื ื™ืืจืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื•ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืืค ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜. ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 


ื ืึธืจ ื“ืื ื™ึธืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ืืง? ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืจืฒึทืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง. 


-- ืœื•ื™ืฃ, ื›ืืคึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื˜ ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื - 


ื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืื ื™ืืจืŸ. 


ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืืคึผ, ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืืกืŸ ื˜ื•ื - 
ืงืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื‘ืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืืง. 

-- ื˜ืจืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื 


ื‘ืจื•ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื 
ืึธื˜ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืึธื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ . ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ื ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื  
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืก? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืจ ื™ืœ 


ืขื‘ =, 
ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 


ื“ื™ืš ื ึผื™ื˜. ื’ ื’ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ? 
ืฐืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืขืก ืื–ื ืžืืกืข? 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืฒึทื’ืข, -- ื”ื ื“ืื ื•ืืจ 


ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื ืฉืคึผืฒึท ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืื, ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ. 
ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื - 
ื“ื™ ืžืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ื”ืœืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืืก ืขืก 'ื‘ืืœืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื•ื™ื‘ืœ ื’ืข 
ืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื™ืขื˜, ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ 
ื ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ื ืคึผื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืืง, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื“ืขื’ ื ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืก ืื™ื ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ. 
-- ื ื, ื ืขื :0 ืื™ ืจืขื  ื•ื›ืข -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืกืขื ืขื ื–ืืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื’ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืข ืื™ ืึธื’ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื’ื- 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื•ืงืŸ! 

-- ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ? 

-- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ! 

ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜! 
ื•ื™ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“, ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืืกืข. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื - 

; ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ื ืคึผื•- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืืง. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐื™ืฆืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืœืืš, 
ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 


73 


ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืง ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 

ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืืฉื˜ืฉืขืจืงืขื. 

ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ืœืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• 6 ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ืจื•ืงื ืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื• ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜-ื ืื›ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™?ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืข- 


1 
ื–ื•ื›ื’ืขืŸ: ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืก'ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืฐื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืื–ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืœื’ืŸ, 


ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืฆืขื–ื•ื’ 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข ื‘ื- 
ืฆื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื !ื™ืืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ืœื“. ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืฒื ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืœ-ืœึดื™ืŸ 
ืœืขืš, ืฐื™, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, , ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ืขืœืข ื• 
ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึธื‘ืŸ", , ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึท 
ื‘ืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 


ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื•ื™ึทืขืŸ: 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜? ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜? ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ื“, --- ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ 
ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ึนื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก. ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืจื‘ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืจ- 
ืฆืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจืŸ ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื•ืขืŸ: 

-- ื–ืึธื’, ื“ืื ื™ืืจ, ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜? 

ื“ืื !ืื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ื“ื–ืฉื- 
ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™? ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. 

, ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ืืจืฒึทื ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’, ื”; ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ืฆืึธืงืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื“ืงืขืฐืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืืก-ื‘ืื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธื˜. ืฐืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืžื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืืžืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ืขืจื“-ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ืž- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ: 

ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื‘ืœื•ื™-ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื‘ืขืจื , 

ืขืจื“ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข, ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืงื˜, ืคืืจื”ื•ืกื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื 
ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืง- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื: 


24 


ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื•ื™-ื•ืฐืฒืฒึทืกืข ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืžืฒึท ื 
ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ื ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืืจ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื• ืกื’ืขืžืืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืžืขื•ื•ืจื™ืงื˜ื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฐืื’ื˜ืŸ ืฉืข- 
ืžืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืŸื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš 


ืคืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืคื’ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข. 
ืก'ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื•ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื“ืื !ืืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืงื•ืง ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื•ืขืŸ: 
--- ื–ื•ื•ึผ ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ื•, ื’ื™ื‘ ืงืึธืจืฉื˜ 


ื ื–ื•ื ื’ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ! 


ืคืึธืจ ื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 


ื ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’. ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืœ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ 


ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืง, 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ 


-ื• ืืื•ื™ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ื•ืจ-ืื™ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืคืขืœื“ื•ืŸ. 


ืžืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืฒึทื“ื - 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ื’ื•ืคืข ืื™ืŸ 

: ื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืึถื ืฆื•- 
ืค ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืคึผืขื ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ื‘ืื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ืขื, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืื–ื 


ืจืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืก'ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ- 


?ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืื ื•ืืจื ืœื™ื“! ื–ื™ ืื™ื• ื’ืข- 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ื 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜: ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืื›ื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื. ื“ืื ื•ืืจืก ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจืฒืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธ- 
ื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐื•ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™- 
ื‘ืขื“ื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ 
ื• ืกื˜ืขืคึผ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื“, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื•ื™ืฉืข ื›ืขืจื’, 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืข- 
ืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜: , ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ ื ื“ืื ื™ืืจ! ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื?" 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื™ 
ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืขื ื’ 5 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืœืืจื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื’- 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื“-ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 


2 


ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ? ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 

ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ื? ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜? 

ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ืฉื˜ ืื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฐื•ืึธืก ื“ื- 

ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืึธื“ื ืข, ืคืืจ- 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
2 


ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• 9ื˜- 


: 
ื“ื™ ืกื™ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื›ืึทืœืขืžื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฐื•ืืก 
ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืึถื•ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš- 
ืกืึธื‘ึผืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขื“ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฆื™ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข 


ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื•ื•ื- 
ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืื“-ืกืึธืคึผืงืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื- 
ื ืฆืข ื ืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืฒึทืš ื ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 

ืจืข. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ 
ื™ื™ ืื˜ ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื“ื•. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื 

ื‘ 1 


ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืฃ ื ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืœื™ 


ืฐื•ื™ ืžื• 


ืžืข 
ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœืึธื–ืข, 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ! 
ืขืจื“. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืœืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืก ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืœืื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืœื•ืขืŸ, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐื™ืึธืงืข 


82 


ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืืœืึธืคึผ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืฐืขื˜ 


ืื™ื ื ืึธื‘ ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื 
ื“ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืคืจืŸ ืจ, ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 29 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืงืกืœ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ,. ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
5 ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ 
5 ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ืื•ื™ึธืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ? ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ? 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ ืœ?ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืคืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืงืขืกื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืง ืœืึธื“ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก ืกืข ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื˜/ ืžืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืคืึธืจืŸ, ืงืข- 
ื“ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืขืกื™ื™ืจืขืจ ืคืื“ืคืึธืœื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 


. 
ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื ื -ืคืขืœื“, ืฆื• ืจื™ 
ื’ืขืคึผืขื ื˜ืขื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ ืค ื’ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก ืฉื˜ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืฒืš-ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืขื ืฉืึธืจืš ืคื•ึนืŸ ื’ืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืขืก ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืขืœืงืข; 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืฒึทื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ 
| ืืœื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 


ืžื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืงืœืื ื’ืข 
ืžื™ืฅ 


ื“ ืข ื•ื˜ 
2 ืฉ 8 
86ื˜ื˜ืœ 
2 


ื– ืฉ 
: 
1- 
= 
ืฆ 
}- 


ื™ืึตืœ ืื•ื™ื›ื•ื• ืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ื ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื™ ื™ึดื‘ ื™* ื ืื“ ืจื™ื 
ื ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื™ ื• ืฆืŸ ื™ื ื™ 


ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึฟ ื‘ 
ื›ื•ืฉืœ-ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืจื˜ืขืก ืฆืืจื˜ 


-ื• 
ืœืง 


ื™ืจื–ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื™ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื‘ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืึธื’ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืก 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ืื ื•ืืจืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’, ืคืœ 


ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืข 

ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 

ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื 

ื›ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™- 
1 


ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื ืึธืš ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 

1 ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืขื ื“ื–? ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜, 

ื–ื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, 

ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ 

ื˜ืจืึธื›ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื ืึถืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ. ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 

ืžืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธื› ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื ื˜- 

ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜. ื ืึธืจ 


= ื•ึท 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืืžืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข 
2 


ื•ึท 
| ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 


ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืขื ื“ื–? ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืขืŸ-ืขืก-ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. 
ืึดื‘ืขื” ื“ืื ื•ืืจืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒืŸ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื• ืจื’ ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™- 
ื ืขืจืคึผืœืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงืฉ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืืคื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืœืฅ ื–ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜! ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืื›ืขืจืงืข. ื ืžืฉื˜ ื™ืง-ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื ืง- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ... ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื - 
ืงืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ- 


75 


ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื. ืขืก 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ื–ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื–ืืง ืืคืŸ ืืงืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื˜ื“ืึธื’ืŸ-ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื ื˜- 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื“ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ืืกืขื“-ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ 


* ืจื“ื•ืจ * * ื›- ืืจื“ื•ื™: + ื•ื•ืื” 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื“ืฒื™ึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืืก 


3 
ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืื ื™ึทืืจืŸ ืคืœ ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื ื•ื› ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™?ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืกื˜ื• ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ื- 
ืกื˜ื•ืึธืจืงืข?' ื’ื™ื‘, ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืฉืŸ! 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืžื  


ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจ- 


: : 


ืงืข ื˜ืฒึทืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืจืึธื– 
ื˜ืจื™ืง, ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขื›ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ? ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ ืขื’ืœืขื˜, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืœ ื– ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ื” 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื• ืœืขื’ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึฟ, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืŸ ืœึถืขื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื•ืืก 
ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืืœืขืžื•ื˜ื ืข, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืคืœืขื’ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืกืืš ื’ืจื™ื - 
ื’ ืœื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 


ืข 
ื•ืก. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข- 
ืงืข, ื’ืืจ 
ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ 


ื•ืขืจ'ื™ 


8 ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 


ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืื ื™ึธืืจ! 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, 
ื•ื™ ืจื™ืจื ื“ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืื•ื•ื- 
ื™ืข ืฆื•ึน ื“ืื ื™ืืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืง ืขืจื’ืขื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื’- 
ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผืืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. 


= 


ื™ื–ืจ 


ืื™ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ืื‘- 
ื˜ืข ืืคืŸ ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื 
ืคืœืื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืืฐืขืงืจืฒึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ , 
ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืœืื ื’, ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืื• 
ืื›ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 

ืืžืึธืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ืจ- 
ืœึถืขืš. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“- 


76 


ืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืืจ- 


ื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื™ื• 
} ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืง, 

ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ืืจื•ื˜ื›ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื ื›ืืคึผ ืคืึธืŸ 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืขื˜- 
: ืœื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ื•ืขืงื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™-ืกืงื™ืจ- 

ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, 

ืื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื›ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืฃ 


ืขืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืืš, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื–ื™ 


ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 


ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง 


ืชืฉ : 
ื˜ ,. ื˜ืฒ ;ื’ 


ืจื™ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข, ืคืึทื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™- 
ื–ื•ื’ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืข- 
ื” ื™ึทื ืœืข : ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™= 


ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืŸ 
. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืื ื•ืื• 
: ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 


ื“ืื” ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชื•! { ืจืจื•ื“ื˜ืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! 


ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทื ืขื! 
;ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื–ื™ืš: ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืึธืœืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจ? ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš, ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ, ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจื“, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ึนื™ ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ, 
ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 


ื–ื• 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. 
ืฐื•ืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 


ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ื™ืง ื’ืขืคืึธืจ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


ื–ื™ืš /ื’ืขื–ื ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื” ื 


ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก- 


ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 


ื”ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคืขืจื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก ื’ืข- 
ืฆืขืจื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื 
ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื 


ื“ืขื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ 


ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 


1 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื- 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 


ื˜, ืื–ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืขื ืงืฉ ื–ืืคื˜, ืื– 


ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™2 ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš 


ืžื™ื˜ืœื ื“ 


= 2 ื’ืืจื ื™ื™ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ื™: - ืืช ืื•ื™ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืงื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืขืกื˜ ื– ืจืŸ ืจืื  


ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ื•ื” ื”ืืจ 
ื ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืก ื”ืง 


ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ 
ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืคืื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืจ 
ืคืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื™ื’ 
ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– 
ื ืืขื ื˜ ืื™ื... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ 
ืืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืฆื• 
8 ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืœื - 
ื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฅืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืขื ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 
ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื• ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึท- 
ืขื ืกื˜ืขืค ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ืฒื™ 
ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ 
ื” ื’ืกืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจ; 
ื˜ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื  
. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข 
ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื, ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ืข ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื–ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ืื–ื ืืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ ื‘ืข 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ื•ื•ืขืก; ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืฒึทื˜ืข 5 


ืกื˜ืขืคึผ 


ืคืืจืœื™ื‘- 


2 


ื•ื™ 


1 


ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉ 
ื 


ื”ืขืจืฉ ืขืฐืึธ 
ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืคืจืขื’ ื•ื ื’, 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืก 


3 
ืจ (ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ืืก ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ. 
ื• 


2 
2 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


ื•ื™ืœ ืžืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœืจ. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง. ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข, ืึธื˜ ื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜. ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ?.. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ 


ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื™ืก-ืฉื™ืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคื! ืจื’ืข- 
ื’5 


:: 
== 
5 
; 
4 
42 
ืฉืฉ 
:ืฉื™ 
!- .4 


5 ืื•ื™ืš ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืืจืขื 
ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ ื”ื•ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืค? ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขืš- 
ืฉ ืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจ 1 ืืจ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืื“ืœืื ื’ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขื. ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขื“ื“, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ืื ื™ืืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ 

ืงืืจื˜ (ื˜ืื˜ ื ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขืœืŸ 


ืง . ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ ืื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืž ืคืืจื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืขืก 
ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ื“ืื ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืก 
ื›ึดื™ึน ื” 


ื’ืขืŸ, 


ืช 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืฉ ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืืŸ 


ืจื•ื™-4ื’, = 


ืืจื•ื™ืื’ ืขื™ืœ :ืคืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ } ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ืึท 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“. ื“ื•ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืŸ 


ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื”ืืœื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ึนื™ื ืืฒึทื - 


{-- ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืง- 
ื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
1 ืคืึธืจ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ! 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. -- 

ืื•ื’ืŸ! -- ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš! ---ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืš, ืคืขืจื“, 


ืืฐืขืง ืฆื• 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœืึธืฆืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ 
ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. -- 


ืื•ื” ื”ืืืจ 


ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืฒืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ืื™ื•. ื“ืข ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืŸ ืขืจื’ืขื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืื“ืื˜ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 


ื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜, 
{ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืื ื™ึทืืจ 
ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืจ 


ื ื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื. 
6 


ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ืึนืฃ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 


ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 


ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคืจื•ื™. 
ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 


ื•ื•ื™-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– 


ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืžืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืจื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ 


, ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื• ื•ืืœื ืขืจ ื’ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืค 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™?. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืžืึธืœืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™. ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืœืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜, ืื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ ื˜, ; ืื– ืื” ื ืขื ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขื ื“ ื–, 
ื˜ื•ื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ -- ื•ื 2 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, 

ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคึผืขื ื˜ืขื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“. 
ื“ื™ ื ืืกืข ืงืืœื˜ืข ืงื™ื•ืฆืขืจื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืืคืขืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึธืจืฐื•ืขืกืข ืคื™ืก. ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ืžื•ื- 


ืึธืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. 


ืขื˜ 
ื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 


ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื - 


77 


ื™ื™ื•ืขืข ืขืจืข ,2 


ื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ื• ื’ืขืฉืžืืจืฆื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืฐื•ื•ื™? ืื•ึนืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ืื™ื– 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืืก ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืึถื ื’ืขื›ืžื•- 
ืจืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ ืึทืจืึธื•ืžืื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื ืขืคืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ึนื - 
ื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš 


ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 


ื™ ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืคืœื™ื’ ืื™ื– 6 0 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืขืง! ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืฉืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื– ื›'ืคืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ? ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืึธื–ืžืื˜ืก 


-- ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื™ 


ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื™ืึธ ืคื™ืจืŸ. -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 


ื–ืขืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื™ืข ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. -- 
ืื•ื‘ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’! 
ื›'ืฐืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–-ืื•ืŸ-ื ืืงืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื™ืข! ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืื•ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง: 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืกื˜ื• ืคืืจ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื”ื ื ื 
ืžืืŸ ื ืกืืœื“ืื˜! -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ืจ ืฉึผื ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื”ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ 
ื™ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™? ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ื™ืคืฆื˜. ื“ื- 
ื ื•ึธืืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคึผืึธื ื™ืข ืืคืŸ ื›ืึธืžืขื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
2 ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, 
ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
: ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืจื•ึถืขืจ ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืœืขืจ. ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืฐืขื’ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ; ืจื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื” ื‘ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืค, 
ืฐืึธืจืขืก ืข ืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข: 
ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ ื”ื, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืข. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืœื™ืง .ื” ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื›ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ื ื’ืŸ ืงืืคึผื•ื™ืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื• 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื•ื ื˜-ืคืืจื‘ื™ืง 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 


.ื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึธืงืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื›ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื 


ืฉื˜ืฒึทืฃ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื›ื™ืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืื”ื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืงื™ืจื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืืจืฅ 


78: 


ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ ืืฃ ื ื’ืœืื˜-ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื”ื•ื›ืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืข, ืฐื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 


ื’ืขื– ื : 

ื•ื•ืขื ื ืก ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืข- 
: 

ื• 


== ื‘ืข ื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ืš, ืืœืื“! -- ื”ืึธ 
ื’ืขืคึผื“ืขืคึผืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 

ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืฐืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืืคื™ืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืืค ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ 
ื“ืื’ื•ืืจืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ืฅ ืืจื’ืขืกืŸ! 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืืคืŸ ืคึผืืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ 


ื˜ืืงืข ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜-ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืขืจ ื“ืื ื•ื™ืืจืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื•ื• ืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’: ื™ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื“ืคืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆืขื, ืึธื˜ ืฉืึธืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืงื ืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื ื˜ 
0 ื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืกืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคืœืฒึทืก, ืื• 
ื ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ืื“. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ 
ื™ื• ืฉืฉ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืงืึธ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ; 


ื”ื–ื” 


{ ื–ื• 
ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ 


ื”ืื” 2 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
: 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืึธื - 


ื’ืขืœ ื ืฉื, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืจืฒืฒึทืขื–! ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’.---ื”ื.. -- 


ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืข ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 


-- ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ, ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ืข ื‘ืืœื, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ 
ืขืก ื›ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืœืก ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง. --- ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืœื™ื•- 
ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื‘ื- 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ืš ื›ื- 

ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ืงื–ืืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ; 

--- ื•ื•ืขืจ. ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ึดืœ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืจืขื–? 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืจืขื•, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื˜ืจืื›ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ? 

-- ืฐื•ืขืžืขืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•,, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืœื˜. 

-- ืงืขืจื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™- 
ืœื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 


55 


-- ืื•ื™, ืื‘ื™ ื ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœื“ืื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืจ 0 ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื–ืฉืืžื™- 
ืœื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ. 

--- ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื˜ืืงืข 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืš 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึท- 
ื ืขื. ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ื›ืื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื; 
,ืกืื“ื™ืง, 


ื’ื“ืฒึทื‘ ืึธืŸ ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื ื, ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืขืก". 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืฑ 00 ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืื ื•ืืจืŸ. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจ ื•ื™ 


ื“ืืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคื™ืก. ื–ืฒึทืŸ 

ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืฉืืžื™- 
ืœื™ืขืŸ. 

: ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ 

ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 

ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื- 

ึน ื•ืื”ืกื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข 


ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ืื  


ืกืงืขื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 


ืฐืึธืก? -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื•ื™ืœืŸ 


ืฉื•ืžื–ื•ื” 
ืฉื˜ึผื•ึนื™ื‘. 


-- ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข, ืฆ 
ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 


ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœื“ ืื˜ 


-- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืข, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืข- 


2 

+ 
= 

== 


-- ืคืึธืจ, ืœืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื 
ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื“ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. 
ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืง ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื‚ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืจื•ืฃ ื•ื˜ ื“ืื ื•ืืจืŸ 

-- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, - ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. --.ืก'ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืฉื ืข, ืืœืข 


: 

ื• 
ื–ื™ 
ื• 


ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืึธืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ืง, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 


ืื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืืคืŸ ืœึฟื™ื•- 
ืจ 


ืฆืขืจื ืข-ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืืจืก ื‘ืืœื™ื›ื˜ ืขืจื˜ืขืœืข ืืคืŸ 


ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ืกื•ื˜ื•ืœืขื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืš ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ื’ื•ื˜-ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ?.. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ืง. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™- 
ื›ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ืงื•ืงื ืŸ ื™ืง ืืœืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืขื’. ื ืึธื‘- 


ื‘ืจืขื’. 


ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ 
ื 2 ืจ 

ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืœืื ื’ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืžืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขืฉืึธืจื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื ืืกืข ืจ ืคืœื™ื’? ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืฒึธ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 
ืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืฉ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ืœืขืจ. ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื“. 


ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืืฆ!ืืจืŸ 


-- ื“ืื  ื ื™ึธืืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืขื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื• ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืฅ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื” ื˜ืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ. 

-- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื™ื™ืจื™ืงื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื™- 
ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ืึธ? 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืก'ื” ื ื–ื™ 
ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืกืง ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืฐื•ืขื ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืขืจ 

-- ืฆื™ ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง? ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง... 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื ืืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื 
ื“ื•ื ืขืจ, ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืื ื•ืืจืก ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคื™ืœ. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื•ึน ืื™ื. ืื™ืจืข ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื. 

ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืข 
ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื• ื ื™ื•ืจื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื ื›ืจืขื’ ื˜ื•ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืžื–ืฒึทื˜ืœื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืคืขืŸ ื“ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ื“ืœ. ืก'ื”ืื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืจ ืฆืขื”ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื‘ืœื™ืข ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ื–ืข'ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื- 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืค --- ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื ืข- 
ื ืฉืœืืงืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ- 

ืงืขืจ ืฉืœืืงืคืจืขื’ืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื? --ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื. -- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ื 
ื’ืจื•ืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข 
ืกืึธืค ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื. ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ! ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขื“, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš 
ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐื’ึผืกื˜, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ! 
ื•ืข ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืจืขื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื–ื™ 
| ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 

ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืงืจื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข 
ืจืขื’ืŸ-ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ืืคืŸ ืฉืคืจื•ื™. 


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-- ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื, 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžืืœื˜ืฒึท! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ, 
ืึธื ื“ื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฆืืจื˜ืกื˜ืข ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™- 
ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›ื™ืฉืข ื  ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืึธืงืึธืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ 

ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื! 

-- ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืœืึธืžื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื - 
ืงืœืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ? 


ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื ืฉืœืืงืกืจืขื’ืŸ. 


ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืกื˜ืขืคึผ-ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื›ืžื- 
ืจืขื, ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืงืืœื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื ืก. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, 
ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’- 
ื” ืื‘ื™ื ืข, 0 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื˜ืฒึทืš. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื˜ืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš. ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื - 
ืกื˜ืข, ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ. ื“ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข 
ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ื 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืขืœึฟ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืงื™ืจื–ืืฐืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•?. ืืคืŸ ืจื•ึนืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธืžื›ืœื˜ ื ื”ื•ืง- 
ื–ืืง. ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืฉืืœื›ืœ. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืืงืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื ื˜- ื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืคึผื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉืืงืขื˜ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืŸ ืจืงื˜ืขื’. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืื !ืืจื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื›ืืœืงืขืœืข 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื•ืข-ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืกืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธื›ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืจื•ืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืข?-ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก 
ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ 


; 
2 
: 
=+ 
ืก 6 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข 


ื ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืื ื•ืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 
| ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืŸ- 
ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื•ืข-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– 


ืฉืืžื™ืงื™ื-ื-ื! -- ื”ืึธื‘ = ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื•ืขืŸ ' ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืจ. 
-- ื-ื-ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืž- 


ื“ื•? ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื ื-ื! -- ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื ืึธื›- 
ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœ ืฉืจื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืœื• ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš, 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื–ืงืืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 


-, 1 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืืจืฒึทืŸ โ€ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืจ ื›ึผืœ 


ืฉ 


ื ื™ืคืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ 


ื›ื } ื“ื• -ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืข ื˜ืฉื™ืฒ 


ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื - ืื“ื™ืœ ื•ื ื“ื™ื™ 
ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื. ื“ื–ืฉืื˜ 


ื’ืขื›ืœื™ืคึผืขื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืจ 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืกืืžืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ- 
ืกื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืจ'ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืœื•- 
ืฆืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™- 
ืœื™ืขืŸ. ื™ื, ืฉื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืข ืœื™ื‘( 

ืœืื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืืกืŸ ืืจื‘? ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 

ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข 

ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 


ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืข. 


ืžื™ืš ื™ื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืจ ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ืข 


. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ื’ ืžื˜ ื 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืื– ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ ื™ืื ื•ื ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ 

ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ-ืฐืขื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืื“ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 


ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉ---ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจืฉืžื}. 


5--3 


ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืžืืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1913 ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื”ื™ืœื™ืึธืฐ-ืคึผืึธืจืึธืœืกืง. = ื{ ื 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื - : ื™ 
ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1921. ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ = 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืฉืงืืจ-ืึทืœึนื (ืžืืจื™ื•ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ืจืข- 


ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง). 


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ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข. 
ืฉืึธืœืข ื-ื ?ื™ื™ ื› ืข ื. 


ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืœืข-ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื ืก -- ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก, ื ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืื˜, ื ืœื™ื“ืขืœืข-- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก 

ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืก 
ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฑืจืึทืœืขืก 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืœืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข-ื‘ืขื”ืึทืœืขืก, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึทืก ื›ื™ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึทืš ื“ืขืจืฉืคื™ืœืŸ. 


ืก'ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข, 
ืืฃ ืงืฒื ืžืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜, 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘, ืื–ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืก, 
ืื–ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื›ื™ืง-ืฆืืจื˜ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข ืึทื“ืขืจืœืขืŸ-ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืขืก ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื”ืืจืฅ. 


ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœ ืคื™ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืฒืกืœืฒึทื‘ื™ืง ืคื™ืœืŸ, 

ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 

ื–ืฒ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืึทื˜ืขืžื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืฃ 


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ืกื™ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืคื™ืจืขืœืข, 
ืืฃ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. 


ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, -- 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœืื 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื. 


ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื–ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืฒื“ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืขื, 
ืฐืึทืก ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืฒื“ืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืกื˜, 
ืก'ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื‘ืื ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. 


1. 
ื–ื™ืืžืข ื˜ืขืœืขืกื™ืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1907 ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (ืฐืฒึทื- 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“). ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืžืขืœื•- 
ื›ืข-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
1 ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 


ื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืจ ! 


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ื“ื™ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึทืฉืŸ-- 

ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืื ืืคืŸ ื’ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืึทืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืข ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืœืึทืฉืŸ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื–ืขืจืข ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ึผืžืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืœืึทืฐืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืึทืฉืŸ. 


ืฐื™ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืจืข 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื”ืฒึทืขื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื–ืข, 
ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžื ืข ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืžื•ืจืข, 

ื“ืึทืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืœืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึทื–ืข, 

ื“ืึธืก ืคืœื™ืขืกืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจืึทื–ืข, 
ืฐื™ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืจืข. 


ืฐื™ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื– ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืจืคืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื˜ืขืค ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึทืคึผืขื ืขื ืคืขืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืกืืœื™ืขื˜ืข ืคืœืขืงืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฑืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืจืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืขื’ืขื›ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื– ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ 


ืฐื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ, 
ื ื–ืึทื’ ื˜ืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ืข, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ: 

, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืฉืขื ื™ื•ื“ืกืขืจืฆืข, ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืืžืฉืŸ', -- 
ืฐื™ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 


ื“ื™ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึทืฉืŸ -- 

ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ืฐื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืข. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจืึทืฉืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืœ ื’ืขืงื ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคื ืข ื’ืขืœืึทืฉืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึทืจื’ื˜ ื–ืฒ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืืฆืข ื’ืขืฆืึทืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื–ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทืฉืŸ 


:: * 


ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ืกืื™ึทื˜, 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜. 

ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืงืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึทืจ ื“ืึทืก ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ ืขืจื“, 
ืฐืึทืก ื›'ื•ืึทืœื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจื˜ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฃ ืฐืึทืœื™ื ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ืข, 

ืฐื•ึผ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ืข.. 


ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืกืื™ึทื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคื˜, 

ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืคื˜. 
ื ืึทืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขื˜, -- 
ืžื™ืจ ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื•ึผื•ื•ืขื˜. 


ืžื™ืจ ืึทืคึผื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ, 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜. 
ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื–ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 

ืื– ,ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืขืจ"ืŸ 


= ื™ื• 


ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืš, 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ืืœื‘ืขื ืื ื“. 
ืขืก ื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ 


ื‘ืื“ืขืกื™ืื ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. 


ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืื˜ ื’ืจื™ืš 

ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืข ื•ื™ื’ื˜, -- 
ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื”ื™ื‘ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจืึทืคึผ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 


ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืš, 

ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืืžื“. 
ืฆื•ืงืึทืคึผื ืก ืืฒึทื™ืคืขื˜ืจื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฆืืžื˜. 


ืจื™ืข ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข 


0ื˜ืจ 


ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืš, 

ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืื, 
ื ืึทืš ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš? -- ื ืึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืงืื ื˜. 


ืžื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ 

ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก. 

-- ืžืื ืึทืœื™ืก, -- ื–ืฒ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืก... 

ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืš, 

ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื”ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, 

ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ืš 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืจื™ืš--ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. 

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ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื“; ืื™ืŸ 1910 ืื™ืŸ ืจืื“ืึธืžื™ืฉืœ (ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข). 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ 1920. ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืกื˜ืขืคืขืก, 
ืฐืึทืก ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืึทื–ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืคืขืš. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ, 

ืคื•ึผืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ืฉืืœืŸ. 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ืึทืก ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื–ืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึทื–ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืคืจื™ืžืึทืจื’ื ืก ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืึทืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืึทื’ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืจื’ืœืึทื–ืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืึทื˜ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืึทืš ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื ืขืŸ 


ื™ื˜ 


ื™ืข 


ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืœืึทื–ืข ืกื˜ืขืคืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. 


ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจืขืœืขืก 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1913 ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืืฉื ื™ืงื™ (ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืก- 
ืœืื ื“). ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 19351. 
ืื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง. 


ืื™// 


ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฉื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš, 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸ. 


ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฉืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, 

ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 


ื ืคื•ื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืฑื™ ืื™ื– ื ืฉืจืขืง, 
ืฐืฒึทืœืคืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืึทืก ืคืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 


ืืžืึทืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฐืขืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืŸ. 


ื ืคื•ื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, 

ืขืจ ืงืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืฒื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜: 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ื ืึทืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื˜ืจืึทืคึผืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืืฉ ื ืคื•ื ืง ื˜ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฉื•ืืš, 

ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒื ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึทื›ืืžืึทืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืืฐืขืง ืฉื•ื™. 


ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ื ืง ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืืจ, 
ืกื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืึทื’, ืฐื™ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึท ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, -- 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืŸ.. 


1241 


85 


86 


ื“ืึธืจืข ื›ืฒึทืงื™ืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ื’ืึธื•. ืึทื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื“ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1931. ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึธืขื•. 


ื™ื™ 4 


ื™ืฉืฉ 


ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืœืžืึทื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื“ืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืขืขื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข! 

ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐื•ืขืจ ื”ืฑื–, 

ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืืฃ ื’ืืกืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœืฑื™ื–ื˜-- 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ 


ืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืืœืžืึทื ืขืก 

ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืขืก, 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจืฐืขืกืข ืคื™ืก. 

ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ื–ืฒ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ' ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, 
ืกื–ืึธืœ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืกื–ืึธืœ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืก, 
ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜.. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืŸ, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื–. 

ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ืŸ, 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืืœืึทื“ืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืก, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืข, =- 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืจื˜. 


ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ; ื•ื™ื ืข ื ื–ื™ ืื”! 


ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ, ื“ื• ื–ืึทืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ: ืื™ืŸ. ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื, 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืงืื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, 
ืื™ื– ืœื•ืžื•ืžื‘ืขืก ื ื’ืืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ. 

ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืฑืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืข, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ื ื’ืขื–ืื ื’. 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืคึผืึทืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข, ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, 

ืขืก ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ -- 

ื–ืฒ ื‘ืึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒื‘, ืื– ื ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืข ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื’ืึท ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืžืฉ, -- 
ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒื‘, ืื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืš ืื–ื•ื™! 


1 


ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืจืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’ 

ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1915 ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทืกื™ืŸ (ืื•ืงืจืื™ึดื ืข). ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1932. ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 


ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืกืงืฐืข. 


+= 


ื™ื•ืจื™ ื ืื ืืจื™ 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืš 

ื‘ืœืฑื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืฐื•ืฑื’ืŸ, 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- 

ืฐื™ ืก'ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ื ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึทื’, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉืฉื˜, 

ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืคึผ ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ -- ืืฒื ืฒื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ -- 

ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 


87 


ื•ื 2 ื 


ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, 
ืึธื•ึฐืŸ === 

ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืœืฒึทื‘, 
ื’ืขื”ืงืกืŸ ืื–ื ื“' ืฆื™ื™ืŸ.. 

ืฐื™ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืฒืŸ- 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜, 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ื™ืŸ. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื’ืจืฑืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฅ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืคืืจื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 


ืฉืฐืฒึทื˜?-- 

ื ื”ืขืŸ! 

ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืึทืจื˜ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืจืฒืŸ, 
ืฐืึทืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืฒืŸ, 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื–ืŸ, ื ื™ืŸ! 


+41 


ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืื‘ื™ืŸ 


ื–ืกืจ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1900 ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ื ืข. ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก 


ื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
39. ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 


ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธ- 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ื›ืึธื 7 4 5 ื™ื 


ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™. ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื›ื™ืง-ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ืคื•ื™ื’?-ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ?ื•ืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉื ื™ื™ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื›ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืึถืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข: 
ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ืฆื™ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืืฒึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื™ืก ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ: 

-- ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ึธื ื’?, ืฆื™ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ..:. ื ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืจืึธื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™- 
ืจืข ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืคึผืœืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืืœืข ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข, ืื™ื– 
ื ืžืึธืœืขืจ. ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš -- ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืขืก ื˜ื”ืื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืคืืจื’ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืจืึธื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, -- ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขืงืื ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– 


ื”ื™ 


ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืึธืœืขืจ. ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš, ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ... 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืฒึท ื”ื•ึนื™ื–. ื“ื™ ื’ืืก 
ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ,ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืืก", ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื“ื™ ื’ืืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš". ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื. 

-- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืจืื‘. 

-- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืง- 
ื˜ืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– ืขืก ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืืœื™ื˜ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ืคึผืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ ืืคืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขื ืขืจ --- ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ-ื’ืึธืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžืึธ- 
ืœืขื“. ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืคื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืขืŸ. ืื™ื ืคืืจ- 
ื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืืœืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืึธื›ืœืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืง- 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืคื™ื ื™ืง. ืคืืจ 
ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืžืืžืข. ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขื˜ ื ืฐืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื›ืืœืื˜, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ึน ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื™ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ. 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ืจื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ึนื™ื–, ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜: ื•ื  ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœึถืขืจ? ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 


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ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื˜ืฒึทื ืข: ื”ืึธืก 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ 


ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜? 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืž?ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธื›ืœืก 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ืงื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ,ื ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ". ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืขืจ, ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืœื˜ ืขืจ: 
! ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ึนื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 


ืจืึธื›? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ. 

ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืจืึธื›ืœ ืื™ื• ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืก-ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื™ื“. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืื’ื“ื™ืกืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ-ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึท- 
ืœื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ื˜ืข... ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ึทืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธื‘ืขืก" ืžืืจื™ืข ื’ืืฐืจื™- 
ืœืึธื•ื•ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 7 ื”ื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• , ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืขืก". ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื ื ืฒึทื’ืขื›ืึธืจืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื•ืฃ. 

ืื•ื•ื“ืขืžืขืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 


ืขืก ืคืืœื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ื™. ื™ืขื“ืขืกืก ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืœืข -- ื‘ื- 
ื“ ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜, ืคืืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง, ื•ื™ 
ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืคืืœืŸ... ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื 
ื™ื” . ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงืืœื™ื˜ืงืข ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 

ืขืจ ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข: 

--- ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ? 

-- ื“ืึธ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ: 

ื“ืึธ, ื“ืึธ! 

ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืึธื›ืœืก ืฉื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื“ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืจืข- 
ืžืขืœืข ื–ื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืืœื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืจืึธื›ืœืก 
ื˜ื™ืจ. 

-- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒื™ึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืื–ืœ?ื˜ืึธื•, -- ื–ืึธื’ 
ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื. 

ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื 
ืกืขืงืขื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ? ืคื•ื - 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜: 

-- ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข... ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืขื? -- ืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. 

ืจืึธื›ืœ? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืœ. ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš 


ืฉืฉ 


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ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจ ื–ื™ื™---ื–ืขืงืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 

ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข. ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื›ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 


ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื–ืŸ ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืืŸ. 

== ื’ืขืกื˜? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืจืึธื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. -- ื’ืขืกื˜? ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ! -- ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคื- 
ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœืื›ื˜. 


ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืจืึธื›?ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืฒื™ืงืขืฃ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. 

-- ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. ืจืึธื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืื™ื 

ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ? -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืึธื›ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆืข- 
ืงืื›ื˜. ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ื‘ืœื˜. 

ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 


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ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ? ืขืจ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ืขืจ, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขื ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ื ืืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธื›? ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขื“ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ึนื™ื– ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ. ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืžืขืงืื ืข ืืฃ ืื™- 
ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜... ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื•ื™ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš. 

-- ...ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ.ื‘ืื ืืจื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ.... ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ --- ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš. ื–ื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ -- ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš. ื–ื™ ืœืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒึทืŸ ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜? ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืœื•ื’ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง, 
ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ: ืืŸ ืืงืฉืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขืจ... ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™. ื“ืึธืก โ€ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืฐื•ืื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื™? ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึท? ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ื”ื•ื™ืขืจ. ืœืื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืžืึธืœืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืึธื›ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ... ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš... ื‘ื- 


ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ืคืŸ ื ืฒึท- 
ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืขื. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜.. 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ; ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžืึธืœืŸ 
ืจืึธื›ืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ? 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืจืึธื›ืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ. ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืคืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื. ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™. ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืืคืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืก ืงื™ื - 


ื“ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข -- ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ 


ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื, ืขืคืŸ, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืœื™ื‘. 

ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ- 
ื”ืึธื“ื™ืงืข, ื‘ืื ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื”ืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึทืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“. 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉืึธืจืขื ืข ื”ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜ ื 
ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืง?, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืง ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ืœืขืš, ืืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื“, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืื•ืค- 
ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืืฐืขืงืคืœื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืฒึทื•ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืึธื›ืœืก 
ื–ื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึทืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืจื•ื™ึทืง. ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ื–ืขืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืขื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื. ืืคืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื‘ืขืงืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืข- 
ื’ืขืŸ; ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก. ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื ืึธื“, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื›ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ. ืก'ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืขืžืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื›ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึท? ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื–ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข ืื•ึนืŸ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืืจื›ืขื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืฆืึธืคืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงืฒึทื˜... 

-- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜.. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืจืึธื›ืœ, -- ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื˜ืืงืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื•ืŸ. ื ื“ืื ืง ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ 
ืฐื™ ื ืžืืžืข. 

ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ืจ? ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื™ืจืฅ. ืคืจื•ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ, ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ: ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜. ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืค? 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ื•ื•ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืงื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 


ื”ืืœื“ื–ื˜ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืก ื”ืืœื“ื–. : 

ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฉื™ื™- 
ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึถืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒ 
ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืฒื™ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืื›ืŸ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ;: ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืึธืจืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ืจืขื‘ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืื•ื™ืš ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื˜ืืงืข ื ืึธืš ื ืงื™ื ื“. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืคึผืœ, ืฐื™ ื ืงื™ื˜ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืืœืข. 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ ื‘ืื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงื ืึธืกืคึผ ืืฃ ื 


ืฆืฐืฒึทื’?, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆืฐืฒึทื’?. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืื ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื• ื“ืขืจ 


ืงื ืึธืกืคึผ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืก ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ืก 
ืงื•ื™ืขืš? ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜? 
ืืฑืกืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ื˜ื™ืฉ?. ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™. ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜, ืคื•? ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจื™ื˜ื. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ.ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขืืจื›ืขื˜ืข, ื ืคืขืกื˜ืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืœืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ --- ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™. ื”ืื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจื™ื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืจืขืจ, -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืžืจ. 
ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธื›ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš 
ืื™ืจืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ืžืึธืœืŸ ืจืึธื›ืœืขืŸ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ, 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ืคืืจื’ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ... 

-- ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ึทื™ึทืš? 

-- ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืจื™ 
ืžืืžืข... ื ื™ื˜. 

ืžื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืืจืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืืจืืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข. ืคืืจืฐื•ืึธืก ื•ืฉืข 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืจ? 

ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข 
ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ; : 

-- ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึฐึผื˜ ื“ืึธื 
,ืงืœืฒื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืœื˜... ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง... : 

ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก , ืงืฒื™ื ื™ืงืฒื™ึทื˜", 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื 


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ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฑื’, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืขื ื“ื–?, ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜... ื ืึธืš ื ืจืขื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืึธื›? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื• ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“... ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ืงืจืื ืง 
ืงื™ื ื“. ืจืึธื›ืœ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ. 

--- ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜! ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจืขื’ืข... =-- ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ื–, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 

-- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข... --ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. -- ื–ื™ืฆื˜! -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืขืจื™ืฉ, ืื– ืจืึธื›ืœ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืœื’ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš.. 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข... ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืขืก 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืŸืœ. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืขืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืจืึธื›ืขืœืข... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, ืื– ืจืึธื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฐืขื ืงืœืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืื ื˜. 

-- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข... 
ืื•ื•ื“ืขืžืขืœืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืจื•ืขืŸ,.-- 
ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืงืจืื ืง. ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. 

-- ื ืงื™ื ื“? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงืฐืขื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 


ื™ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 


2 


ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึธ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– 


ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขืš. 

-- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึธ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธื–ืข ื‘ืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจืึธืฐ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ. 

-- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึธ? ื™ืึธ... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜-ืจืขื ืฆืœ ื ืงืืจื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ 


ืฉืื›ื˜ืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

-- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš? 

ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืข ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ-ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืืฃ 


92 . 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ,---ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ? ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืš. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜.. 
ื™ืจืึธื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ : 
ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™,, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืจืึธื›ืœืขืŸ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™? ื–ื™ ื–ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“. ื“ืึธืก 
,ืงืœืฒื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 


ืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’' 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื ืึธืš ืจืึธื›ืœืก 


ื˜ ืฐ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืืคืื ืขืžืขืกืŸ... ืขืจ ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืคึผืขื ื“ื•ืœ 


ืฐื•ืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจืึธื›ืœืก 
ืžืขืœืข ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื 


ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืฐื•ืจืข- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 


ืจื™ื›ื“ 
2 ) 


ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืคืŸ -- ืขืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก 


ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ 


ืึธืŸ ื 


ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ึนื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืจืึธื‘ืœ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืขื ื˜ 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 
-- ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ? 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื  
-- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ! ื ืึธืจ...--- 

ืžืึธืœืขืจ -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 

ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ืœื“, 


ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข, ืฆืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ; ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืŸ ืจืึธื›? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™- 
ืงืขืš ืื–ื•ื™ 0 ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ โ€ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜... 


ื ึน 


624 


ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ืกืง ื ื™ื˜ ืึถื ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 


-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง? ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืึถื ืงื•ึผืžืขืŸ. ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ... 

-- ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืื™ื– 
ืœื™ืึธืฐื•ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. 
ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืฒื™ืงื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื” ื ืคืืจื˜ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ, ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฆืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ 


ืฐืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–-ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืงืœืืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืขืก ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉืฒึท- 
ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ. ืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. 
ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื ืื–ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืœื™ืึธืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืงืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื ืื ื˜- 
ืจื™ื ื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื–ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜. 

ื ืคืืจืœื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. 
ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืฉืจืฒึท- 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืฆืขืคึผ, ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ึนืŸ ืื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธืจ. ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืื ื™ืงื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคื˜, 
ืื– ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืฐืึธืงื–ื?. ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’, ืฐื•ื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก, ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. : 

-- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื›ืขืจื“?, -- ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, 
ืึธื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื”ื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: 

--- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ืš 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ? 

ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ: 

-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ? ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธื“ืขืŸ? ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜, ื ืงืึธืžืกืึธืžืึธืœื™ืขืฅ, 
ื ืคื™ื–ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ึดืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ... 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื ื™ื˜? 

-- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืืœื™ืŸ? 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื™ืก ืืคื™ืœืข, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜. 
ืื™ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจืš, ืื– ืื™ึดืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจื˜: ื“ืขื ืื˜ืึธื ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื‘ื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜. ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื– 
ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜... ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืœืฅ, 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ- ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืขืงื•ึผื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืœื™ืึธืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึธ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึธืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ. 

ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก 


ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ 


ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜. ืื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคืื“ื“ืจืึธืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜... 

ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ึนืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื ืฉื•ืœ-ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ... ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืก ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ. 

ืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืืŸ ืืคื’ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท. ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ, ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ืึธื•ืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืค ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 

ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท-ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื“ ืคึผืืคื™ืง ืึธืจื˜! ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ" ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ 
ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื“ืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฐื•ืฒึทืกืข ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ. ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘-ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืฐื™ 
ื ืจื™ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘. ืงืฒืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจืึธืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืื•ื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืึฒืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ืื“ืจืขืก. 

ืœื™ืึธืฐื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™. 
,ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื›ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, --- ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒื™ื‘ืŸ". ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™- 
ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืืจืฉื™ื˜. 
ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ: ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืงืึธืœ- 
ื ืขืจืก, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืก. 
ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข ืฆื• ืœื™ืึธ- 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœื™ืึธืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืึธืฐืข ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืขืก -- ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, 
ืื•ึนื™ืš ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื ืคืจืขืžืจืข... ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธ- 


3 


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: ืฐ ื–ื™ื”ึทืข ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืก ืืงืก? ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
/ ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื›? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืข- 
0 ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืขื˜ ืื™ืจืข 
| ื”ืึธื” == ื’ืขื“ื ื›ื˜ืข ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืขืค.. 


ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื ืงืืจื˜?: ืฐื™ ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืฐืขืง. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 


ื™ืึธืกืœ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ 


ื–ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 


ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1929. 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื•ื™ืฅ. 


961 


4 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืืŸ (ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืข). 


ืฉื™ืจ 0 / ื–ื™ 


ื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืฐืฒื™ื ืขืŸ! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืงืœืึทื’ืŸ! 
ื ืฒึทืŸืšืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง ื›ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืึทื’ืŸ.. 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืก ืžืืžืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 

-- ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜... ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืœืื ื’ ืงืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ืื™ื ื 
ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืงืก? ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธืจ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆืขืค 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ.. 
41. 


6 


ืื™ืŸ 


ื ืฒึทืšืื•ืจ-ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ -- 
ื’ืจืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื™ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข! 


ืงืฐืึทืจื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ? ื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทื ืขืŸ? 
ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืขืŸ, 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื›ืŸ, -- 
ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื“ื•ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ!. 


ืœื™ื™ื’ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ืืงืกืœ, 
ื”ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. 


ื ืฒึทืŸืšืื•ืจื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ื ืฒึทืšืืฐืจื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง ื›ืฒื ืข..-- 
ื’ืจืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ! ื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ!. 


6* 


ืžืึทื˜ืœ ืกืืงืฆื™ืขืจ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1907 ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืึธืฐืข (ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืข). 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1998. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืข- 
ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•. 


6 ื™ืก ื•ื•ื˜ื›ื˜ 


ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืึทืš ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืึทืกื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืš. ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึทืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก... ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื– ืคืืจืฉืžื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืŸ. 


ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืš ื’ืขื”ืฑืœื˜, ื’ืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ื•ื™ืœื“, 

ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืœื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืึทืจื›ืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืคืืจืงื™ืœื˜, 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ืžืื›ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื’. 


ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกื™ืื™ื– ื ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึทืœื™ืง ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜-ื‘ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ- ืžืฒึทืกืข,-- 


ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคืืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืฒึทื–, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื™ืœื“-ื™ืฆืขืœืึทื–ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืก ื”ืขืžื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื– 
ื’ืขืขืงื‘ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืืจื•ื, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื’ืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืงืจืื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืฉื™ืก ื›ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื’, 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืขื ืข ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ืกื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ืจื™ืง, 

ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื› ื ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ... 


99 


90 


{ ืขื™ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ื ืกื˜ืฒึทืข ื‘ื•ืฉืœืขืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืœืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื“ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืึทื’ื™ืง-ืจืึทื–ืŸ, 

ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, 

ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืึทื–ืŸ 


ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื’ืœืื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทื–, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜-ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืคืืจื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, 
ื ืงืจืฒึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ื ืึทืš ื ืงืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื™ืึทืจ-ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ืœืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ื•ืงื˜, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืงื˜ืข ื”ืขืœื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืงื˜, 

ืื•, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืึทืคึผื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืึทื’ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกื™ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ 

ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืขืงืฐืื˜ืึทืจ. 

ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœื™? 
ืฆื™ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืœืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืกื˜ืฒึทืข ื‘ื•ืฉืœืขืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืงื˜ืข ื”ืขืœื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืืŸ ืขืจื ืงืจืฒึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืฒืฒื“ืขืจ, ืึทืคึผื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ... 


ืจืข 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื ื“ื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜-ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืขื-ืฉื˜ืึทื˜-- 
ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืฒ ืžื™ืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื’?, 

ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ืข, 

ืฐื™ ืžืขืฐื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ 

ืืฃ ื ืคืขืœื“ื– ื‘ืื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื, 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืข-ืคืœืื... 


6--83 


42 


ืื™ ื™ื™ 


ื›ื™ื’ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืก ืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ: ืื–ื•ื™ื™ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง. 
ืฆื•ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืงื” ื•ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 

ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืžื™ื“ ื›'ื–ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืจืก ืžืฒึทื ืข 

ืฉืขืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื ืึทืจ, 

ืฐืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจ 

ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืœืฑื˜ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื ื“ื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜-ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื˜-- 
ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืฒ ืžื™ืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ: ื–ืึทืœ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืฑืขืจ. 


.1961--+0 


ืคึผื™ืกื™ ื™ืื ืืฐืกืงื™ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1914 ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ. ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1933. ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื. 


ืืคืŸ ื ืึทืคึฟ 


ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจืข ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืฒึทืก. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒ ืคืืจื”ืืจื˜ืขืฐืขื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื›--ื ืฐืขื’ ืืฃ ื’ืœืื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ. 

ื ื˜ืฉื•ืงื˜ืฉ. ืื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜. ื ื ืืจื˜ืข. 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜-- ื“ืขืจ.,ืงืืคื™ื˜ื', 
ืืฃ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืคืขืœ--ื ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ืคืœืขืง. 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึทื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. 


ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึทื’ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื›ื˜ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืึทืœ, 


97 


8 


ืฐื•ึผ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžืข ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืฐืึทืก ืจืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืœื“. 


ื“ื™ ื ืืจื˜ืข ื˜ืจืึทื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื™ืงื™ื’ืจื™ื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึทืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื ืขื›ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ืจ ื ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึทืก ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜: 


,ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจืข-- ืงืืœื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจืข -- ืฐืฒึทืก, 
ื–ื™ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืื™ืฅ ืืฒึทื–. 

ื™ืึทื’, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜! ื˜ืจืึทื’ ืึทืคึผ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ 

ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœ...* 


ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจืข ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืฒึทื. 
ื ื˜ืฉื•ืงื˜ืฉ. ืื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜. ื ื ืืจื˜ืข. 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึท, ืฐื•ึผ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื–, 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ืข.., 


ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ... ื•ืฐื•ืขืจ? 


ืก'ืงืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืจืื›ืฐืขืก ื“ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืกืงืจื™ืค ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืฃ-ืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทื™ ื–ืฒ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืึทืš ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข ื™ืึทื’, 

ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜ืข, ืคืืจืฆืขืจืŸ. 


ืกื™ืงืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืœืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข-ืคึผืœื™ืขืกืง, ื‘ื ืืฒึทื–ื‘ืขืจื’-ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื’ืขืงืจื™ืžื˜ 

ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื›ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 


ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผืœืืกื˜ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ -- ืืฃ ื™ืึทืจื ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜, ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜? 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงื˜, 
ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜. 


60 


ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ ืจื•ึผืฐืžืืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1916 ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืžื™ืจืึธืฐ (ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข). 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืก ืคึผืึทื“ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1939. 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทืฐื’ืึธืจืึธื“. 


4 ื™ืืจ 


ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ืึทืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜, 


ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืง?ืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืžืึทืœ-- 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทื“ืึทืœื™ืข ื ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, 


ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ึดืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึทื’ 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ื. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ื’ืขื™ืึทื’ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื ื›ืึทืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 


ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืึทื ื–ืขื ืข ืคืขืจืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจืึทืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœืขืŸ, 
ืกื™ื“ื•ื›ื˜: ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืš 


ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืขื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš.. 


ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืคืืจืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ืง -- 

ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ื–ื! 
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99 


ืžืฒืขืจ ื›ืืจืืฅ ! 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืฉื•ืจื™ (ืžืึธืœ- 


ื“ืื•ื•ื™ืข). ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1939. ื ืึธืš : ;ืจ ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ื™ืข ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืจ { | 


' ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’. ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™"ืฅ. 


ื™ืข ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื˜ ,2 ื˜ืข 


100 


ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš-- 
ืจื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 


ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ืขืคืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืคื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืึทืžืค ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืŸ 


ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื ื˜, 
ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขืฅ ืืฐื•ืขืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื–, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. 


ืืฃ ื ื‘ืฑื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืก ืคืืคื™ืจ 
ืžืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื ื”ื•ื™ื–, 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืง-- 

ืงืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ 
ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืœืึทืง. 


ืขืคืŸ ืื™ื“ืš ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ 

ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜: 

ืคืœื™ ื“ื™ืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง, 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื˜!. 


22 ืจื‘ึผืขืง'ืก 


ื ืฆื•ื’ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทื’ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขื ืขืžืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทึธืจืŸ. 

ืœืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜! 


ื“ื™ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš-- 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ -- 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืœืข ื˜ืขื›ืขืจ-- 

ืœืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜. 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืจืฑื™ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคืขืœื“, 
ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 

ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ืื™ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ืœืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜! 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื‘ืื˜ืึทื’, 
ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืฑืžืขืจ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื™ืึทื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. 

ืœืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜! 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืค, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, 

ื–ืฒ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ-- ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ืข -- ืืจืึทืค, 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืŸ. 

ืœืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜! 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ, 
ื–ืฒ ืงืจื™ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ืข -- ืืจืึทืคึผ, 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืŸ. 
ืœืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืœ, ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-- 

ืœืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜! 


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ืขื˜ื™ื‘ 


ื™ืจืงื™ืข 


ื–. ื•ื• ืข ื’ ื“ ืจ ืึท ื•ื• 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1877 ืื™ืŸ ืกืœื•ืฆืง (ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“). 2 ืฆื– ื• 
ืฐืฑื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1 ื : ื•ึฐ 


ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1900. 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 


ื•ื ื ืข 
ืื•ื ื–ืœื•ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฆื™ืขืฉ 


ืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก: 
-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉืฑ, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืจืข, ืืœื˜ ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื›ืฆื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื– 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื ืฐืขืœื˜, ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื'ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืขืจืœืฒ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
-ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืฑืจืœ. ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืฐืึทืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึทืจ. 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก? 
ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื‘ื- 
ื’ืœืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜": ,ื 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคืŸ, ื ื™ื’ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืœืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืขื ืฅ, 
ืงื™ื ืึท, ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜, ืžืึทื“ืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื™ืึทืจ 
ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึทืก...* 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื ืึทืš ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืืฒืฆืขืก, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 


102 


ื“;. ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืš. ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื˜ 
ืคืขื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐืฒึทืฅ ื–ืฒ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื™ 


! ืฉืคื™ืœ?. 


ื“ืึทืก ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืœื˜ืข 
ืœืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก.. 

ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ืฒืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืึทื–ืข ื–ืืš, 
ืฐื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก -- ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ืฆืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทึธื’ืŸ ื ื“ืื ืง ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื™ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืืฒืฆืข, ื“ืขืจื”ืฑื™ืคื˜, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืืจื™ืฉ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขืกืจื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ื, ืฐืึทืก 
ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœ ืื™ื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืื™ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ 
,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง". 

ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื–ืŸ ื•ืฆืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ, ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฒื’ืขื ืข, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืึทื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขืž- 
ื“ืข. ืฐืึทึธืจืขื ืฐืึทืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ืœืขื‘ื ืก. 
ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง? ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื– ื ืกื›ื•ื ื˜ืึทืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืคืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืฆืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืฐืึทืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึทืœ ืžืขืจ 
ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืคืืจ- 
ืงืขืจื˜, ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืง -- ื“ืึทืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืฉืจื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื˜ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืœืฑื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขื ื‘ืื’ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืŸ ืขืคืขืก 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื•ืฆืœืขืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื–ื–ืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜--ื‘ื™ืึทืœืึทื’ื™ืข, ื‘ื™ึทืึทืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืึท- 
ื›ื™ืžื™ืข, ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ -- ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื—ื–ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื™ื›ื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึทืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื“ืขืจืคื- 
ืจื•ื ื’, -- ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ "ื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืขื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืžื™ืืฑืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืืœื˜ืข ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืขืกืŸ--ื–ืฒ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื˜ืึธืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืงืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื - 
ืฆืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื’ื ื˜ -- 
ื•ื•ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•, ืืคื™ืœืข ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื• ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืกื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืคืขืœืขืจ. ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื 
ืคืขืœืขืจ, ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื, ื ืึทืจ ื’ืฒ ืคืึทืจื•ืก, 
ืฉื˜ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื˜, ื“ืขืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™" 
ื’ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง. 

ื‘ึผื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืื™ื“ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื” 
ืงืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑืŸ 
ื›ืขืกืจื•ื™ื ืขืก. ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืฅ, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืจืฒืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื•" 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื’ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงืขืกืฒื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึทืก ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฒื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“; ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืฑื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืขืจ, ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึทื“ืŸ, ื“ืืžื‘ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ 


ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืง- 
ื˜ืืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืœ. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืฑื˜ ืฉืึทืกืฒืขืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืžืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ืงื- 


ื ืืงืŸ, ื‘ืื•ื•ืืกืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ึดืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื–. 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืขืคืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›- 
ืกื˜ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฆืึทืคืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ,-- ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืคืึทื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื“ื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจืข. 

ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืžืืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทืกืžืึธื ืื•ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ืฐืขืžืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ 
ืจืขืืก, ืฐื™ ื ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืื’ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ืžื•ื˜, -- ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืึท- 
ืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืš ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืคื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”. 

ืขืžืขืก, ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึทืจ ื’ืฒื˜ ื’ืขืฐืฒื ืœืขืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืจื’ืขื - 
ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฑืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœืข ืคืจื™ึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึธึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืœืŸ ื’ืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืืžืขืก. 
ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฐืึท- 
ืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืžื•" 
ื ืข; ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื“ืขืœื™ืงืข 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑืก ืืคืŸ ืกืขื ืื˜-ืคืœืืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืคืึทื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึทืœึทื™ึท 
ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืงืึทื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข; ืคื•ื™ืขืจื™ื 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ืฒื’ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืคึผืจื™ืฆื™ื; ื“ื™ ืจืึทืžืื ืึทื•ื•-ื“ื™ื ืืกื˜ื™ืข 
ืฐืึทึธืœื˜ ื ืึทืš ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ,ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ" 
ืคืึทืœืง. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื’ื ื˜ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขื’, ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข- ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึทืฆึฟื™ึดืืœื™ื–ื. ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกืœืื ื’ ืคืืจืฉืงืœืืคื˜ืข 


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ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœืึท- 
ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืข- 
ืจืข ื˜ืื˜ืขืก, ื–ืฒื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ืฒื“ืขืก. 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจื™ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืš 
ืืœืฅ ,ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜' ืืฃ ื˜ืื ื“ืขื˜ื ืข ืฉื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืืจื“ืขืงืข-ืžืขืœืืžื“ื™ื ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืฑืœืข ื›ืฒื™ื ืขืฐืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืฒื“ืœืขืš 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ืฆื• ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืึทืจ ื’ืขื’ืึทืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงืขืค ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื ืข ื”ืึทืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืคื™ืงืขืก. ืืœืฅ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ;ื’ื•ื˜ืข-:ืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ"":. 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทืกืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืœื™ืจื˜ืข ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืขืœืข ืคืืจื‘ืŸ, ืœืืงื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™. ืื– ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืœื˜ 
ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืืฃ ื ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืึทื ื™ 
ืงืข, ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ. ืึธืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืืœื™ืก: 
ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทื“ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื’ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ 
;ืกื˜ื™ืงื™ืื’ืขืกื™; โ€ ,ืคื™ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืก"; ;ืคื 
ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ; ;ืคื™ืคื ื™ืงืขื!, ืฆ" ืฐืฒ ื–ื™ ื”ืฒืกืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจื˜, -- ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืฉืžืึธืœืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื ืขื›ืœ, ืฉืคื™ืฆืืกื˜ืข 
ืฉื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืึทืึทืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืึทืจื˜ืŸ-- ื“ืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืืŸ 
ื“ื–ืฉืื–--ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื– ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืจืึทืงื™ืขืŸ-ืจืึทืœ-- 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ,ืงืึทืžื™ืงืก" ืื•ืŸ 
;ื‘ืขืกื˜ืกืขืœืขืจืกื™ื™ -- ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• 
ืคืจื•ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ืžืฒื“ืœืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึทืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืคืœื™ืจื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื‘ืข, 
ืœื™ื‘ืข- ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื– ,ืกืขืงืก", ืžืฒื“ืœืขืš, 
ืฐืึทืก ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืค ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืฒึทื ื’- 
ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฒืฒื›ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ,ืคืืจื’ืข: 
ื ื™ื’ื ืกื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ 
ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื- 
ืœืืฅ, ืื™ ื ื˜ื•ืจืžืข-- ืขืก ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก- 
ืจืึทื•ื• , ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขื™ื™ ืฒึทื ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื“- 
ืœืขืš, ืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื’ืฒืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืขืคึผืืกื ื™ืงืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฆืึทืœื˜ืข ืกืคึผืข- 
ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ,,ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ", 


104 


ืฐืึทืก ,ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ื™' ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึทื•ื ื’, ื ืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืึทืจื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืื– ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื˜ืืฉืšื’ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืœืข 
ืคืืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข. ,,ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข, ื”ื™ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข" ืžืืžืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื " 
ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึทืš ืืœืข ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึทืœ, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืœ. 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืฒื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืกืคืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 

ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขืœืึทื–ืฅ. ืžืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืข- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื˜ืึท ืœืึทืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื - 
ืฆืข ืฉื•ืœื“ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืœื™ื ื’. ื 
ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืœื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึทืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ืคืจื™ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ 
ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฉืึท ืคืืจ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึทื’, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืฑื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื’ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืืฒ- 
ื‘ื™ืง, ืื– ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืœืื ื’, ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืž- 
ืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื›ืžืืจืขืก, ื“ื•ื ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื ืขื›ื˜. ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ืžื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ. ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืฉืฐืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืข- 
ื ื™ื’ืŸ-ื‘ืœื™ืžืœ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืก 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ. ื“ืึทืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึทื–ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ื- 
ื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืึทื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืฒื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ-- ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื•. 

ืœืขืฉืขื ืขืžืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ืึทื’ืŸ, ืื– 


. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื’ืขื ืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 


ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืข- 
ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ื”ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืึทึธืก 
ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ 


ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืก. ื ืึทืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืคืืจ- 
ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ", ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื›ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, , ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, -- ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜: 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 18 
ืกืื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืึทืœ, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืืฒื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 28 ืกืื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืึทืœ ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืึทื’ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึทืœืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืงืึทื™ 
ืœื™ืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืข ืงืจืื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ, ,,ืืœื˜ืžืึทื“ื™ืฉืข" ืืœื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ื ืึทื›ืžืื›ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืึท 
ื“ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื™ 
+ ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง. 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืก. 

ืคืืจืงืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืขืจืืจ 
ืคื™ืœื™ืค, ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ื•ื• ืžืึทื ื˜ืืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ -- ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืึทืจ, ืฐื™ 
ื•ื•ืืŸ ืงืœื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืจื“- 
ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
,ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืข", ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืœืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืจืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’, -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ื ื•ืฆืœืึทื–. ื ืกืืš ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™" 
ืกืขืจืœืขืš, ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืžื•ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื–, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขื - 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืŸ ืงืœื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึทืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื™ ืฐื™ ืคื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืœ ืงืืกื˜ืจืึท ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื " 
ื’ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜: ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึทืก 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืœื™ื‘, ืคืืจืฉืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฑืก, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ื ืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึทื ื˜, ืœืขื˜ืฑืฐืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึทืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืคื˜ืึทืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฒื ืžืึทืœ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™" 
ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ: ืคืืจืืŸ ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืจ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆื™ 
ืœืขื›ืข ืžืฒึทืกื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืจืฒื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ึทืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืฑื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ื‘ื- 
ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืกืžืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื“ืข- 
ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืข ืฉืขืคื˜. ืžืŸ 
ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื™ืฐื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืืจื™ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึทืจ 
ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืึทืฆึฟื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“. ืื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 

ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ 
ืคืืจื˜ืื›ืœืขืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืึทืก ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืœืึทื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืฉืคื•ืจืŸ ื ืึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทื’ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจื™ื•ื’ื ื˜: ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืืœื˜ 
ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืจืขืœืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื ื‘ื- 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ, -- ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืœืื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฑื˜, ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ื•ื™ื˜, ื ื˜ืจืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœืฒื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืžึทื›ืœ 
ืคืืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœื˜. 

ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึทืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื˜ืขื’, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜! 
1. 


ืืฐืจืึธื ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1908 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•. ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื“ืข- 
ืกืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜.- ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 


ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1997. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 


ื•ื– -/|ื–ืจ, 


ื˜ืขื‘ 


ืื ืฆืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืžืข ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืคื™ื ืงื˜- 
ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ืื˜ืึทื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ืื”ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืž"ืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ 
ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฑื–, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ืจืขืค ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ืขืœ , ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข". 
ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืœ ืื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึทืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืื™ืจ ืžืืฉืฅื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืžืฑื›ืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ -- ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžืฒื“ืœ, 
ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืžืืงืจื™ื•ื• ื ืฉืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืึทื’ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ 
,ืงืื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืจื™ื™, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึทืœ 
ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ 

ืคืึทืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื˜ืจืึท ืกื™ืžืขืก ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ- ืื™ืจ 
ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืืคืŸ ืขืกืงืืœืื˜ืึทืจ, ืื™ืš -- ืืจื•ืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ-- ืืจืึทืคึผ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข 
,ื“ื™ื ืืžืึท?. 

ื ืึธืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™" 
ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืขื ืข 


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ื”ืขื ื˜. ืฐืึทืก ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืกืงืืœืื˜ืึทืจืก 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื ื™ืฃ, ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคืึทืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ึทืึทื ืขืœืŸ, ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
;ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš?* 

ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืจืึทื™ 
ืœืึทืžืคืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ืขืคืขืก ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจืึทืคึผืœืึทื–ืŸ--ื–ืึทืœ 
ืขืจ ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. : 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™- 
07 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึทืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, 
-- ื”ืึทื˜ ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ืึทื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ 
ืกื™ืžืข ืฆื•ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืŸ.. 

ืก'ืฐื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ืก: ื“ื™ ืžื™- 
ื–ื™ื ืงืข ืกื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข. 


5 1 4 


ืคืึทืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก- 
ืงื•ืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜: ืฐืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื•ื˜ื•ื–ืึทืฐื™ืคึผืจืึทืกืคืขืงื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื•ื•'ืฅ, 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ืก, ืฐืึทึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทืก- 
ืคืขืงื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึท. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจืฑืฉื™ืงืข ื’ืึทืจืงืฒื’ืืก 
ืฐื™ืžืœื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืงืึทืœื™ืจื™ื™ 
ืงืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ื‘ื" 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืข- 
ืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืืกืŸ; 
ืขืก ืฐืฒืกืŸ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืจืงืฒื’ืืก, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืคืึทืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื’ืขืฆืฒื™ืœ- 
ื˜ืข ืฉืึทืขืŸ; ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืฒื“ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื™ืขื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืฉ, -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™" 
ืกืขืจ ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึทืคึผืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒืœื˜ ืžืข ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืจืขืกื˜ 
ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืฒึทื–ืงืจืขื. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ืฒ 
ืงืข ื’ืืก ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืž- 
ืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜, 
ืฉื˜ืฑื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜-ืฆืขื•ื•ืืง" 
ืกืขื ืข ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืจืกื˜ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’. 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืœืืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื“ืขื ืฆืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืื. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืจืึท 
ื˜ื•ืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ-ืงืœื•ืžื‘ืขืก ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฉื˜ืึทืงื™ืงืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ืึทื˜ ื“ืึท 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’- 
ื–ืืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืก-- ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. 
ืฐืึทืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ 
ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ืกื˜ืื“ื™ืึทืŸ ,,ื“ื™ื ืืžืึทื™, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ื“ืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืจืึทืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืก ื‘ืœืฑืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ืจื‘ืขืก ืฉื ืฒื™, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก, ืึทื ื’ืขืคึผืขืœืฆื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืึทืกื˜-ื˜ื•ื™, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐื™ ืึทื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืขื ืข ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึท- 
ืžืื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืื ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืกืืžืข ื”ืึธืจื™ 


ื–ืึทื ื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื ืคืจื™ื™" 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ืึทืžื˜ืขืฐ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจื™ื ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื•ื™ื’. ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืืžืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื›ื™ืงืข 
ืงืึทืœื“ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืข- 
ื’ืขืœืขืš ืืฃ ืคืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ื ืขืก --ื–ืึทืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒ ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืฒื˜. ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ื–ืฒ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืงืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทืกื˜, ื–ื•- 


ืžืขืจ- ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื–ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืคึผืขืก. 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ: 
ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ 


ืคืึทื ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืจื•ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืคืึทืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™- 
ื–ื™ื ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ-ืื™ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜: 

* * * 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
1 ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข-ื™ืึทืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืงื™" 
ืจื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึทืžื™ืกืืจื™ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืฆืฐืฒื™ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš ืงืฒืŸ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืื™+ ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข -- ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™" 
ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ึผืฐื™ืžืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ.. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึทืก ืงืึทืŸ ืืžืึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜-ื›ืืฐืขืจ. ืจื•ึผื•ื•ื ืก ื 
ืงื™ื ื“! ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืœืึทื’ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. | 

ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืฐื•ึผืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืฑืฃ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ืขืจ ืคื™ืกืงืขืก, ืฐืึทืก ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคื™ืกืงืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข" ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฅ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ืžืข 
ืœืึทื“ืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื–ื‘ืขืก, 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื“ืœ-ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. ื“ืึทืก ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœึทื™- 
ืงืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–, ืฐืึทืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืžืืจืง, ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื‘ืืกื™ืข, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข 
ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื’ืข- 


* ื™ื•ื ื’ื -- ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’?, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ 
ืžืื˜ืจืึธืก. 


107 


ืฉืจืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื“ื–. ืึทืคื˜ืžืึทืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ 


ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜, ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. 

ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ืข ืคืฒื’ืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ, ืื– ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–, 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึทื ืคืืœืŸ ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“. 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืจื•ื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืืคื˜ืข ื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืืกื™ืข ืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฐื™ืœื“ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืขื ืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ, ื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจืฐืขืกืข 
ืคื™ืก... 

ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื•ืืงืกืŸ 
ืจื•ึผื•ื•ื ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข ืžืืžืข ืœื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืงื•" 
ืจืขืœืืคื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื’ืจืฑืกืข ื’ืข- 
ืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืงื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืœื™ื™ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ--, ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ืขืœืขืš" ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืจื•ืคืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ: ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื“ืœ, 
ื”ืขื ื“ืœ, ืคืจื•ื™ืงืข, ื–ื™ื ื“ืœ, ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืึทื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
,ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืœ-ืื•ืŸ-ื ืืงืขื˜ื™ื™. ืืžืึทืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื˜- 
ืงืขืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืœืึทืคึผื™ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ื ื ืืงืขื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ-- 
,ื“ืขืจ ื ืืงืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ". 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜-ื›ืืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ื™ 
ืœืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. 

ื ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ: ืื™ืš - 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ-- 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึทื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจ- 
ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืฐืึทื“. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื•- 
ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜.- ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืŸ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึทื“ืŸ. ืขืก 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื”ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ 


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ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืึทืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืฑื™ื 
ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืฒื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื•ืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืึทืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืขืžืข ืืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืข ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข: 
ืœืขืš, ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ืขืœืขืš! ืžืฒึทื ืข 
,ืคื™ืกืงืขื•ื•ืื˜ืขื™' ืฒึทื ื’ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื" 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฆืึทืคืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืข- 
ื ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื˜ื•ืขืจ. 

ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึทืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 
ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ืก ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื–ืืฐืึทื“ -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœืŸ- 
ื›ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืึทื˜ ืื ืขืจืขืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฉืฐื•ื•ึผืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ 
ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™. 

ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืก ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืš ื‘ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืก 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ื ืึทืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืœืึทื ื“ืข, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืงืึทืจื™ื“ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจื ืื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืืžืœืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืฒืขืจ ืึทืคึผืคืึทืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึทืจ ืขืœืฃ-ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ, ืฐืึทืก 
ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจ- 
ืคึผืขืจืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืง 
ื’ืขืžืึทืœื˜ื ืคืœืืงืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฑื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืคืืจื‘-- ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื”ืื ื˜, ืฐืึทืก ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืก ืžืฑื™ืœ. 

ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ึผืฐื•ื ืก ื–ื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒื™ื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉืคืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. 

ื“ืึทืก ืฒึทื ื’ืœ ื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ืื™ื, ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื’ืข" 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง. 


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ื ืึทืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืฒึทืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืืงืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ: 

- - ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ืœื™ื™ืข, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึทืš? 

ื“ืึทืก ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข: 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ื ืึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™? ื•ื•ืœืื™ 
ื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ึผืฐื™ืžืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ? 

-- ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™. ืฐืึทืœืึทื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš. 

. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื" 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืขืœืืคึผื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืื›ืจืฒึทืขืก 
ืคืืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื™ืกืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืฑื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ,ื’ืืœืขื›ืก ืคืœืืฅ", ืฐื•ึผ 
ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 

-- ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึทืœ ื ืึทืš ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืฆืขืœืก 
ืžืืคึผืึทืœืข... 

ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืžืึทื“, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึทื˜ ืœืฒืข ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื˜ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื ืึทืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ: ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™" 
ื“ืขืžืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืจ, -- ืืœืข,,ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื ื“ืขืœืขืš', ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฑื˜ืืจ: 
ืžืฒื™ึทืฉืข ืฉื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืกืคึผืข- 
ื™ืฆืึทืฐื•ืงืขืก. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ืข ืžื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืคืœืึทื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืžืึธื“ ืืจื•ื™ืก" 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก" 
ื’ืขืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืกืึทืฃ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜: 

-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜.. ืื™ืš ื ืขื 
ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผ ืฆืฒึทื˜... 

ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคืึทื˜ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืžืœืขืš ืึทืคึผื’ืขืคืจืขืžื“ื˜, 


ื ืึทืจ ื“ืึทึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืขืคืขืก ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•, ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ืงืขื“ืฒ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืึทืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืืฃ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืขื”ืืœืขืš.. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืฑืŸ 
ื–ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืก ืœืฒืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืขืœืืค- 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜? 

ืœื™ื™ืข ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึท- 
ื”ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืฃ ื™ื“ื™ 


* ื * 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืง, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืื™ื, ืงืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื’ืข. 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืึทืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึท- 
ืœืึทื“ื™ืข ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ืก ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœ 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ . 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืึทืจืงืฒื’ืืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉืฐื•ึผื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’. 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืจืึทื’ ื”ืึทื˜ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืคืื˜ืจื•ืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึทืงืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืจ ืžืึทืœ ื’ืข- 
ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฒึทืŸ 

ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืึทืฉืขื ืข ื’ืืก-ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ืก, 
ื‘ืœืึทืฐืข ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืœื•ื™ืคืŸื“ื™- 
ืงืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืก, ืคืืจืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืžื“ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืงืึทืœ- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืงืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึทืจืŸ 
ื ืฉื•ืจืข ืคื• ื ืœื™ื–ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’: ,ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ". 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึทืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื ืึทืจืžืืœ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ, ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ื•ื• 
ื“ืึท ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข. ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืกืฒ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืฒื™- 
ืœืขืš --ื ืžื™ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข-* 


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ืžืขื ืก ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ-ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฐื™ื ืคืึทืจืžื‘ื™ื•ืจืึท, 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืงืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืฐื™ื’ืขืœืขืš 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืœื™ืคืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื: 
ืงื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืืžืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืฒืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืข- 
ืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื - 
ื“ืขื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒืžืขืจ 
ืืขืจืึทืกื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืฐืขื˜ ืืจื•ื 
ื–ืฒ. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื ืข ืื™ืœื™ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉื ืข. ืžืฒื“ืœืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืฒื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื›ืื ืงืข ืขืœืขืง ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื. ื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืข ืžืฒื“ืœ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข: ,ืื–ื ื™ืึทืจ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื›ื•ืฅ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื›ืฒื ืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜". 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืžืขืจ ืื”ืžืŸ ื’ืœืžืš ื–- ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืŸ. ืžื™ืš ื’ืข 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื ื˜- 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืž"ืจ. 

ื ืึทืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ืฑื™ 
ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ืึทื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก, 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื›ืื ืงืข 
ืขืœืขืง ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก.. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืฉ 
ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜?. 

-- ื™ืึท, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืœื™ืขืจืก, 


ืจื•ึผืฐื ืก ื›ืืฐืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื - 


ื“ื–ืขืจืก ื”ืฑื™ืฃ... 
ื›ืื ืงืข ืขืœืขืง ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืฉืคืืฆื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ืคื™ืœื™ืขืจ ื’ืืก, 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืขื ืฆื™ืก ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฆืฑื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื“- 
ืฐืึทืงืื˜ ืฉืืคื™ืจืข, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื- 
-ืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ 
ื ืึทื“ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœืขืง ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืืœืฒืŸ ื ืจืขื“ ื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 


110 


ื‘ืฒืก ื“ืขื ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืึทื ืฆื•ื’. ื ืึทืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ืฒื™ื ืขื, ื›ื•ืฅ 
ืฐืขืขืฅ ืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื" 
ืฐืึทื“ , ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืก". ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืคื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื›ืข 
ืงื ืืคืœ, ื’ืขืคืจืขืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื‘ืœื•ื–ืงืขืœืขืš 
ืื™ืจืข, ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืคืืจืงืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืงืจืื ืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืจืก ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜: ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜-ืืจื‘ืคืืง. 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื‘, -- ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘- 
ืคืืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึทื“ื™ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฐืฑื™" 
ื ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืžืขืกืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ 
ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืข- 
ื˜ืึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉืขื ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืึทืก- 
ืงื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืื•ืึทื“. 

ืื ืข ืื™ืœื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฅ: 

' -- ืจื•ึผืฐื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืึทืœื˜ืฉืข- 
ื ื™ืข ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึทื“ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื ืขืงืกื˜. 
ืจืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 
ืืฑื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื.. 

..ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืกืงืขื ื™ืงื™. 

ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึท- 
ื›ืข, ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฐืขื’ ืคื ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืง 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


+ = ื ื 


ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ืก, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ืึทื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข. ืขืก 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ื‘ืื™ืืจื˜ืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. - ื’ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– 


7* 


ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึทืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึทืจืŸ ืึทืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืฐืึทืœืึทื™ 
ื“ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ื‘- 
ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึทืจ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง, ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึทืก 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืœืขืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืจื’ืข ืฆืฐืฒ ืฆืขื ื“- 
ืœื™ืง ื™ืึทืจ; 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข ืœื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืฐืึทืœืึทื“ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืืก-ืืงื- 
ื“ืขืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืึทืœืึทื™ 
ื“ื™ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ. 

-- ,ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืœ-ืื•ืŸ-ื ืืงืขื˜",-- 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, -- ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึทืš ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื 
ื–ื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื“ืžื™ืจืืœ. 

-- ื‘ื ืœื™ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืขืœืืคึผื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, -- 
ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืงืœืฒื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืข 
ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื 
ืžืื ื˜ืœ, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืžื™ื ื- 
ืกื˜ืื, ืฆื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืžืื˜ืจืึทืก... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืขืœืข. 

-- ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืขืœืข ืงืึทื–ืืง!-- ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึทืก ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืœ ืฐืึทืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึทืจ 
ืืจื•ื. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึทืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืขืœืขืก ื‘ืืคืฑืœืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ืืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื•ืืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ 
ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืŸ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: 

-- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ืฑืจืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ.. 

ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึทื˜ ืืžืึทืœ,,ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืšื™' ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื- 
ืงืขืก, ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืงืข ืึทื“ืœืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืจื“ื™ืงืขืก. 


ื ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึทืก 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื ืึทื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื ืึทืจ 
ื“ืึทืก, ืฐืึทืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื•ึผื ื’ืขืฃ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืœ-ื‘ืื ืง. 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึทืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจื™ื ืืจ-ืฉื•ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื›ื- 
ืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ืฉ-ืขืคื™ื“ืขืžื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืืœืข ื•ื™ืจื˜- 
ืฉืืคื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ. ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœ ืฆืขืฆืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™" 
ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ;ื’ื•ื˜- 
ืืฑื’" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื™ืึทืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ -- ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฆืึทืœื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืข ื ืึทืจืžืขืก... 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ 
ื ืึทืš ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืœ ืžืฒืขืจ ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ื”ืฑืฃ, 
ืฐืึทืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกืงืขืก ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฅ. 

ืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื ื˜, ืื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืก ืžืืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื™ืื˜ืจืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืืœืข, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ื™ ืฉืึท, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ... 

ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ื- 
ืจื™ืฉ-ืขืคื™ื“ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืืœืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

-- ืึทื˜ ืœืึทืžื™ืจ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื˜ืึทืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทืกืึทืฃ.. 
ืฐืึทืก, ืกื™ืžืขืœืข, ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ื• ืคืืจ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ? 

ืกื™ืžืข ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’: 

-- ื‘ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึทื’ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื˜ืขืกื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืึทืคืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทืก: ,ืฉืึทืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืงืœืืกื™ื™... ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืจืŸ! -- ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฑืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜. 

ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืขืœืืคึผื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืกื˜ืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื 


111 


.ื˜ืื’ ,ืŸื•ืื˜ ื™ื™ 


ื“ืจืฒึท ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึทืจ ื ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’- 
ืœื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืกื™ืžืขืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ 

= ืื–ืฅืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื™;ืึทืจืŸ ืกื™ืžืข, ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก,-- ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึทื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื–ืข, -- ื”ืืœืขืฐืฒึท ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืฉืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฐืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืื˜ืึทื ืข. 

ืกื™ืžืข ืฐืึทื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข 
ืืจื•ื ื”ืืœื“ื–: 

ืื•ื” ื–ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื ืง ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืŸ" 
ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ืžื•ืžืข ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ 
ืึทืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ... ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื”ื™ 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, 
ืื– ืืœืข ื’ืขืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื: 
ื’ืขืคืึทืจืŸ ืืฃ ืกื™ืžืขืก ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื 
ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืก ืžืืฉื™ืฅืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ , ื“ืจืึทืฉืขื’ืขืฉืื ืง" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื˜ืขืจื.. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข ื”ืึธึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉืฅ ื’ืข: 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืจืงื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ-ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืง: 
ื˜ืึทืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึทื–ืืฐืึทื“. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขื– ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื 
ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกืงืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืืžืึทืœ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ืœ. 

- ืฐืึธืก ืจืขืงืขืงืข ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืืžืึทืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš,,ืงืื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ" 
ืืคืŸ ,ื–ืื“ืึทืง" ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ึดื ืคึผืึทื˜ืงืึทืฐืขืก 


ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื, -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•" 
ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืกื™ืžืขืก ืงืึทืคึผ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ: 

-- ื“ื•, ืกื™ืžืงืข, ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึทื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข , ื˜ื™ืึธื˜ืงืขืก" 
ืื•ืŸ , ื“ื™ืื“ืงืขืกื™ื™. ื“ื• ืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ! ื“ื™ืš 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืฒึทืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื ืขืงืขืก ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ืขืœ 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจืฐืื˜ืึทืจืก. ืžื™ื ื- 
ืกื˜ืื ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ.. ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฒึทื ื’ืขืจ, ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื–ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ืก ืืžืคื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื’ื˜: 

-- ืขืคืขืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ื’ืจืึทื• 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ... 


= 8 8 


ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœืŸ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ 
ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืคืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคืึทื›ืข. 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืข- 
ืœืืคื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ? ืฐื•ึผ 
ืื™ื– ื”ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฑื™ืงืข? -- ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. 

ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืึทื’ืŸ; 

ื“ืึทืก ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืข ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, ืฐืึทึธืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜, 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ. 
1 


7--3 


ืืื’ืขืคืื˜ืœื‘-ืื -ื”ื ื ืคื˜ 


ื•!. ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืกืงื™ 


(ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 180-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’) 


ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
|| ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืžื™'!  {โ€ | ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ; 
= 8 ื•ื•ื™ืกืืจื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 


ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืจืื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจ- 
ื•ื™ื‘ 


ืฆืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืœ ืื– ืฉื™ืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ืฃ: ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ื™ืกืงืขืžืคืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ;ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืจืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ , ืœื™ื ืงืฉืืคื˜" ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžื•ื ื™ื–ื" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1903 ื™ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืคืขืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข.. 
ื“ืขื ืžืืจืงืกื™ื–ื, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืขืฐืึธ- 
ืœื™ื•ืฆื•ืึทื ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธ- 
ื ืขื"=. 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืืจืงืกื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• 
ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธึทืœื™ื•ืฆื•ืึทื ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื›ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš , ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ" ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืขื•ื•ืึธ- 
ืœื™ื•ืฆื•ืึธื ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง, ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ 
ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜. ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืขื’ ืื•ึนืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื›ืึธื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธ- 
ื‘ืจืึทืœื™ื•ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืคึผืœืขื›ืื ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


-ืŸ, 


* ื•ื•. ืื™. ? ืขื ื™ ืŸ, ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘. 91, 4-ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืข, ื–. 9. 


ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™- 


: ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขืคืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืงืขืžืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ืฉืข, ืคื™- 
ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึถื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืข- 
ืืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื 28 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ (ืืงื™ื 
ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืกืงื™, ืื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื.) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื”ืืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ืืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ,ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืก ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจ", ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ. 

ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ืกื˜ื- 
ื“ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’: ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขื’ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืข- 
ื’ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื™ืขืจื‘ืื›ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืงืจื™- 
ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืœืก ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™- 
ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœื™ื–ื ืฆื• ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ึทืืœื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜ ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื, ืคืืœืงืกื˜ื™ืž- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืื™ืจ ืขื ื’ืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข 
ื ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฆื•!ืืœืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื”ืขืจ- 
ืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื•ื. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื“ืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืขืจ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืจืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืืจื™ื–ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง. : 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก 
ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ" (1894) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 


113 


ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืืœืข 

ื™ึดื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืืœืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข 
ืคื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ึดื™ืœึฐื˜, ืื– = ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืงืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ!ืึธ- 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื› 
ืจ ืžืขื ื˜. ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 


ืจื 


ืื–ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ, ืคืึธืœึฐืง, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ืืœื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคืœืืžื™ืงืŸ, 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜, ื”ืื’ืื ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืข- 
ืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื’ืื›ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ื ืื“ื™ืขื–ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืฐืึดื™. 

ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธ- 


ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ?ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืงืืžืฃ 
ืคืื“ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื‘ืข- 


ืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืื ืึธืคื™ืœื™ืฉืขื“ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื›ื“ืื ืงืข ื ื“ืขืจ 5 ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ (ืคืื“ื™ื™ 
ื›ื•ืœื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื.), ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคึผื™ื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืžืื ื˜ื™ื–ื, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ื–ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืึธื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ" ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืœืขืฉืขื ืงื•ื ืกื˜". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ื ืขืŸ, ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืŸ, ืœืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืŸ, 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื. 
ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื“ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœื™ืฉืขืจ ,ื ืื˜ื•ืจืข- 
ืœืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื“ ื›ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืœึดื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืืจ ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืื“ื™ืžื˜ืข /ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ-ืคึถืขืจ!ื™ึทืึธื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™- 
ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื ืึธืš ืฐื•ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ื  ืกืงื™ืก 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื•ืึธื ืขืจืข ื“ืขืžืึธืงื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื›ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ โ€ ืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื 
ื“ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 40-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธ- 
ืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– 
ืืœืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืืจื•ื 
ืื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,ืคึผื•- 
ื˜ื™ืึธื•ื•ืงืขืก" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ื™ืขื•ื•, 
ื ืขืงืจืื›ืึธื•ื•ืŸ, ื’ืึธื ื˜ืฉืืจืึธื•ื•ืŸ, ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ. 
ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธ- 
ืกืึทืคื™ืฉืขื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ืึธืก ื‘ื›ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื•ืืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืื ื˜" ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, 
ื”ืื’ืื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืข ืื™ื™- 
ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ 5 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ื:ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉ-ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืœืืžื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 


ืฉ 


14 


ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืžื- 
ื ื™ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. 

ื‘ืขืงื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™- 
ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื ื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคึผืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ืื•ื•ืข- 
ื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืืœืก 
ื ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืืœื ื ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ 
ื ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ!ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื“ืขืžืืงืจืื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆ!ืึธื ืืœืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. 


ื• 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจื!- 


ื ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืคืจื•ืกืŸ, ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ, 


ื’ืจื• 

5 ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืึถื ืฉื•ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• 
ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื’ืืŸ ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’. 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื˜ืขืื˜ืข 
ืคืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืคื™ืข: 


,.. ื•ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื ื’- 
ื› : 


ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื ื–ื™ 
ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืืžื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข 
ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืื’ืื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืข! ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš 

ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ื•ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 

ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 


ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜". 


ืžืข ืฐืึธืงื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื›ื“ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื- 
ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื•ืฐื•ืึธืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื - 


= 


ืกืงื™ืก ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื“ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื‘- 
ืง ืฒึท ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ื™ืข ,ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืข- 
ื•ึน ื™ 


ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืก 
ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืœืข ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื›ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื– ืกืื˜ื™ืจืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืื- 
ืงื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขืŸ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™- 
ืงื•ื ื’, ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ืื˜ืื˜ืึธืจืก, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจืก, ืงืึธื”ืขืœ- 
ืฉืข ืจืขื“ืœืคื™ืจืขืจ, ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธื•ืฐื ื™ืงืขืก. 


ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ืžืืจืงืกื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ 
ืืœืก ืื™ืจืŸ ื ืคืึธืจื’ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™- 
ืฉืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคืืจ 
ืืœืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง. 


ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ 
ืฆื™ื•ื˜ ืกืึธืžืžืืž 


ื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืกืžืึธ 

ืจืขื 12 ืืคึผืจืขืœ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’, 
ืืจ ื“ืขื ืึถืคึผืคืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื“ ืื ื˜ืฉืœื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื - 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื™ื›ืคืœื™, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, 


ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื›ื•ื• ืฆืขืก ืคืืจืžืื’ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ 


ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืœืฒื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ื’ื•ื– 


ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึดื–ื, 

| ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ". 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืข- 


3 = 
: 


ื• 3 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืจ 
ื™ืจ ื‘ืื’, ื’ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ืžืข ื ื˜ืฉืŸ,, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืงื™ื•ึผ ื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขื˜ืืจ ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ 

ืฆ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ื ื™ืึธืจื™ ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืืจืขื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืœื•ื’ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, 


ื ืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื" 
ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื... 

ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืŸ|ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’: 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ? ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืก- 
ืฆืขืš. ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื›ื ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 8 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“; 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื- 

ื  ื ื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจ- 

ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจ- 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœ 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ึนืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœื’ ืื•ื ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜- 
ืขืŸ. 


ื™ื•. ื. ื’ื ื’ ืืจ ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก. 
ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื", ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1961. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืœ-ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ืœืข ื‘ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื•ื. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ? ืขื ื™. ื•ื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง 
ืจ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืœื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืฆื™ 
ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืฆื•ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืืฅ, ืฐ+ึผ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
65 ืžื ืฐื•ื–ืึธืœืฒ. 
,ืืคืŸ ืงืจืขืžืœ-ื˜ื•ืจืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•- 
ื“ืื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืœึทืืฅ... ืื™ืš ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืŸ ืžืื•ื•ื–ืึธ- 
ืœื™ื™, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืขื• 
ืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœื- 
1 


ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื‘ ื’ ืงืจืขืžืœ-ืคื- 
ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš 1 ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™- 
ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื• ืฆึน ื™ืŸ ื’ ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ 


ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜"... 
ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ 


ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืืก. , 

ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื–ื• ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืึถืคึผ- 
ืคืœื•ืขืŸ.- ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6 ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืขื™ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื˜ื•ืจืขื, ืฐื•ืึธืก ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ.. ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื”ื™ืž? ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืคึผืขืจ?, ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืงืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ื“ืœืขืš... โ€ ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื, ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืขื ื˜ืึธื’". ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื  ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืกื™ืž- 
ื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคึฟืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก. 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืืฒึทื - 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื“ ื•ื•ื™ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง. 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืข 
ืงืึธืงืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืก- 
ืžืึธืก, ืื™ื– ื’ืื’ืื“ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืจ : ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื•ืจ ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 
ืขืจ ืจืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืก ืžืึธืก, ื–ื  ืื˜ ื ืฒึท ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, -- ื“ืึธ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 6 
ืคื™ืœืŸ, ื‘ืืึธื›ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขื˜ืข ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ,,ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืก- 
ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ", ื ืึธืจ ืื•ึนื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื 


115 


ื• 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ โ€ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื“ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ,ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื™ืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื’". ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื˜ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉืข ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข. 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข? 
ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืคื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ืจืฒึทืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื 


ืคืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืื‘- 
ืจืฒึทืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืฆื• 
1 1 ื“ื™ 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1 
ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 4 
8 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื– ืฆ 

ืกืฒึท ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงืœื ืคึผื˜, ื•ื™ ืฐืึธืก 5 
ืื•ื™ื’ ื–ืขื˜ --- ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื•ื’ึผืกื˜. , ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ื’ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื... ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื - 


ื’ืขืงื•ื ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ื•ืœืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ. 

ืืฃ ื“ ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœ?-ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ื ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื ืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆ ืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜. 

ืืคืŸ ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื›ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข. 


ื‘ ืื‘ื•ื ื”ืก" 
ืจ ืžืื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื? . 


- 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืขืจื“.." 

ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื: ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืขืจืขื•ื• 
ื“ืขื ืืจ 7 ืงืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ , ืงืึธืกืžื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ืื˜. ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 14 ืืค- 
ืจืขืœ. ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื‘ื ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื. ,ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืฉืึธ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืจืืฉื™ืง ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื˜ืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจืฑื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืึธึทืœืึธื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขืจ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื ืฐื•ื–ืึธืœืฒ ืฆื• ืœืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึท- 
ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื›ืื 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื  
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืก 


ื• 
8 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืง 


ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก 


ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ื›ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืขื˜ 


1 
1 
: 
, 


ื ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ื™ืžื’ืื‘ื’ 


ืกื•ืจ 00 


ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื /ื• ืž ืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ืึธืš, ืื– 
ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืœึดื™- 
ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš, ืืŸ 
ืึถืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืœืขื 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื˜ ื‘ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืข- 

ื˜ื™ืฉืข' ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืึถื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ? ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืœื™ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืงืฒืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ. ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขืš ืžืื›ื˜ ืึธืฉืขืจ 


ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืคืืจืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืคื•ืจ, 


ืžืึธืกืงื•ืข, 1961, 156 ื–. 


116 


1 


ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื”ื•ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื›ืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธ- 
ืจื?, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื‘ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ื’ืขืคื•- 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ 
,ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ" --- ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™? ืงืขืจ, โ€ ื ืคึผืึถืขืžืข, ื 
ื”ืขืœืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข, ื–ื•ื ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืึถืขืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืžื™. ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1909. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข- 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ,ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ" ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื–ืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืคืคืึธืœืง, ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืึถืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืข? 


ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืœืจื“. 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื“ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“: ืฐ 
ื›ืจื•ื“ืขื“". ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ- 
ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ,ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื–ืข 
ืจืฉื˜ืื˜", ืคื 
ืžื™", ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ 
ื–ื–-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืืฃ ืจื™ื–ืŸ -ืฉื˜ืึธืง 


ืฆึน ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–-ืืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืื ื™ื ืื™ื“ืขื- 
ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ 
ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 


ืขื , ื‘ื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข", ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข 
ื™ื™ ื•ื• 


ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฉืึธืœืขื ืืฉ. 

ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืง 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงืฒื™ึทื˜-ืื™ื“ืขืืœื™ื–ื 

ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึท 

ืจื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ , ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ", 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืืคื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ". ืึธืฉืขืจ 


ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื›ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื“ ืื•ื™ื’ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™- 
ืขืœื“ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืœืื–ืขืจ ื ืึธื‘- 

ืึธื–ืขืจ ื” ื–ืื›ื ืืข. ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืœื™ื“ ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื ืึธืฉืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžื- 
ื ืขืŸ: 

ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคื™ื” 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ื”ื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืื–ื•ื ื– 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 


ื’ื™ื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ 


ื™ืึธ, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ื›ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื• : ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ : 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืœื“: ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ 
ื•ืืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืจื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœืจื™ืฉ 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืกืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื• 
ืฆื™ืข-ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื–ื ืงืจืืคื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื- 
ื“ืข ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืงืกื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ืึถืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ- 


ื ื–ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืืค ื’ืึธืจืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.. 
ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ึนื™ -- ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ื ืืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš --- ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ 
ืืฉืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ืืจ ืืžืืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึธืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืขืŸ 0 ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืขื‘ , ื›ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืคื•ื ื’. 
ืึทืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืขื ืจื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื™ืŸ| ื“ืขื, ืื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ 
ืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ 
,ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ืœืข" ื ืึธืจ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืž- 


ื• 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ | ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืจืจื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื›ืืจื•ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืกืึธึทืฐืขื˜ืŸ-ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ ื™ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ึนื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื ื 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื™ื˜ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“- 
ื’ืจืฒึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื 
ื“ืขื“ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขื ื ืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืจ!ืึธื˜ื™ื–ื---ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ- 
ืžืื ืก ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืžืึธื˜ื™ืฐ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฒื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืื ื“ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ืื™ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืจืึธืš. ื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1919 ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืืœืก 
ืฆืืจื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
7++-1919 ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืžืคืก -ืจื•ืฃ. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžืขืœื“ืŸ: 

/ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจื“, 
ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืŸ--ื ืคืึธืŸ -- 
ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื™ืขืจืŸ! 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื ืฆืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœ- 
ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื , ืฉื ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ", ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธ ื’ืฒื˜ 
ื ืฐืขืœื˜-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก 
ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฑืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืœืื ื“. ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜-ืžืึธืœืขืจื ื™. ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ , ืจื•ืข-ืงืœืื ื’", ืึธื‘ืขืจ โ€ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœื™ืฅ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืืžืฃ". ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ- 
ื’ืขืžืขืœ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง. 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒืฒึทื˜, ื›ืื•ื•ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื•ื ื’. ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืฆืืจื˜, ืœื™ืจื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื’: ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜, ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ , ืฉื˜ืจืืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™- 
ืงืข ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ 

ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. 

ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืœื™ื“ ืฆื• ื ืคื™ื“, ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื•ืง ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ืžืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ. 


ื . ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 


-{ 2 


117 


62 ื’ื™ ื›ื™ืจืฅืงื™2ืคืกื(ืฆืจ 
ืกืจืฒึทืงืฆืจ 


ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจื™- 
ืฉ 


23 ื ื• ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื• 


ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ ื™ืงืŸ 


ืงืื ื˜. ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ 
ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืจืื›ื™ื“ื•ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึท- 


ืจื™ื– - ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื• ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ 


ื‘ืขื• ื ื˜ืขื’ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื›ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ 


ืฉืจื ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืคึผื™ื™- 
ื–ืื–ืฉ, ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœ ืžืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ืื™ื–, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื–ื 


ื 
ื‘ื•ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. 


ื’ืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 


ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 


ื• 1 = 
ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฐืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจืข- 
ื ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ 800 ืงื™ืœืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
?ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืืžื•ืจ -- ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ึธืฉืขื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืขืœ- 

ื• 


ืึธืจืฃ ืคึผืืฉืงืึทืฐืึธ. ื“ืขืจ 

ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืžืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืœื™ื“ ,ื’ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื›ื™ื™ืœื•ื ืฆื–ื™ืืŸ"": 


ืืฃ ื’ืืกืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืข 


ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ 
ื™-ืคืืฆื•ืœืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืข, 
ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœื•ื ืฆื–ื™ืืŸ 

ื”ึด 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 5 ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืข 
ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืค ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื , ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื ื™ืงื˜", ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืค 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื ื“ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™- 
ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ-ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืงืจื!ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•. ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ 
ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืขืจืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื›ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื’ืข-ืงืื ื˜. 

ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืžืื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ,ืืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ", ื ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐืฐืคืึธื ืึทืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื”' ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 


ื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืืจืฅ. 
ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ, 

ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 


5 ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜', ื–ืืžืœื ื’, 


160 ื– 68--64. 
118 


ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 


ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื‘ืงื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืœืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ. 
ืฉืžื• ื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™- 


ื•ื‘ ื™ื• = 
ืžื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 


ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื“ ืงื•ื•ื? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ 


ื”"ื” ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึธื ื˜, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 


ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš... ืขืก ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื•ืจืขืก-ืฉื ื™ืจืขืœืขืš ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื›ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืœืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืื“ืงืกืŸ 
ื‘ื ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื ืขืฆืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื™ืŸ 


: 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1921, ื”ืึธื˜ 

ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืžืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผืืจื›ืขื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ 
ืืœืก ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืžื•ืจื–ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืก 
ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ-ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืึธืœืฆื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•-ื“ืขืคึผืึธ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข 2 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 


2 ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื‘ืข ืขื. ืคื™ืœื˜ ื– 


ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. = 


6 


: ื• ื-ืข=- = =ื•ื”'- =|-ืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื›ืื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืค; ืืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืกื˜ืจืื ืื•ื•ื˜? (;ื›ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", 29 


ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1999) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก: 
...ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, -- 
ื“ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’! 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขื 12 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1961, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœึนืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ โ€ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธืจ: 
...ืืฃ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง, -- 
ื’ืขื ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’... 


ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื‘ ืื™ื™ื - 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ืฐื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืข ืขืจื“, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ืฉืืคื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืืจืื ื˜ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ืฐื•ื•ึผืงื. 


ื™ืฆื™ืง ื‘ืจืื ืคืžืื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ 


= 
ืฆื™ื™ืง 
ืงืœืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ 


ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืžืืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืกืฒึท ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข-ืฐืขื“ืง, ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืคืืจ- 
4 ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืืœืขืจื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืงืœื? ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืขื, 
ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืง- 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืึธื˜ 
ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืข- 
ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
;ืขืจืŸ". ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– 
ืจืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื™ื›ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ 
ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืฉ ืคืื“ื˜ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื“ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜! 
ืคืืจ ืงื™ื•ื›ื‘ืข ืฐืืกืขืจืžืืŸ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 


ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืœืขืš -- ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ... 


ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจ-ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื›ืงืขืก 
ืื•ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜, 

ืฆื•ื ืžื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืฉืงืึธืจื™ื ืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, 

ื‘ืื ืงืื ืขืฆืœ ื‘ืœืืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ื ืื›ื˜ -- 

ื ืงื™ื ื“, ืื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืืคืž... 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงืขืจ 
ืจืื‘ืžื™ืœ 

ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืจื•ื™ 

ืื™ื–ืขืจื’ื™ืœ, 

ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืงืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ื•ื™ ื“ืื ืงืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 


ืœื™ื•ื‘ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืึธืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ 
ืงืืžืฃ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืื ืกืงืข ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™- 
ืฉืข ืคืขื•ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืžืื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ื’ืืก, ื“ื™ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ืŸ-ื’ืืก, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืืก ืืฃ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืœื™ื“ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื-ื’ืืก; 


ืจืฒึทืŸ ื’ืืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœืŸ 


ื‘ืื–ื•ื™ืžื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ื– ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึธ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. 

ืื” ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ื, 


ืืฃ ืฉื™ืœื“ืœ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืŸ: ื’ืืก 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื•ึน ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื 


ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืœืขืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื• ื ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ 

ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ืขืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื• ืืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืข ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ 


ื‘ื ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืื  ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" -- 
ืฆืฐื™ ืขืจืŸ, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, =- 


ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื“ืฒึทื ืขื ืฆืขื”ืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. 
ื“ื ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืžืื ืก 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืขืžืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜, -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ืึธื•ื•ืขืฉื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื˜ืจืขืคืœืขืš ืขืก ืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืœ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืข 
1 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืž ื•ืก 


4; 
4 


54 
ื™ืข 
= 
ืฉ 
:6 


+ ื™ืืจ = 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ- 
ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
0ืจืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ -- ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื›ืืจ- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืื‘ื”ื™ืงืื• ื˜ืขื‘ -- ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ , ืžื™ืฉืžื•ื™ืจืขืก ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš" ืื•ืŸ ,ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ". ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื•- 
ื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ , ื’ืึธืœื“" ืื•ึนืŸ , ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ" 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ื”ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื 
ืžืื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื ื•ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข -ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืื–ื ืื™ื–, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืœื™ืจ 
,ื ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜", ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“- 
ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ-ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื ื’ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1998 ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ื“ืขืคึผื•- 
ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. ืื–ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ืžืืจื˜", ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฑื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธึทืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ 1988, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืึธืจ- 


19 


ื ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ-ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืื - 
ืฆื™ืขืก. 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1989--1961 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืœืขืจ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืฒื ื™ืง ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื™ืข 
ื–ื™ ,= ืค'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ 
ืงืœืึธืจ", , ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ : 
ืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผ- 
ืงืœืื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื’ ืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธืžืฉ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืฑืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืžืื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ืืกืขืจืžืื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™- 
ืขืจืก ืœื™ื“ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก- 
ืขืคึผืึธืคึผื™ื™ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 


ื•ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื›ืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื“ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ 


ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ืืฃ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ 


ื‘ืื ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 


ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื›ื˜ ืื•ืฃ, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก 


, 
ืฆืขืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ื™ืคืข ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ืœืขื ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืคื™ืœื˜ืึธื ื™ืงืข 
ืžืืกืข 
ืื“ื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ---ื ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืงื•ึผื™ืขื ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื ืงืข ืžืฒึทืงืข 
ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ... 
ืขืก ืจื•ึนืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธื“, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืงืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื•ื™ื” ืจื™ืžืขืŸ? 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจืฉืข ืจืขื“ืขืก? ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืืœื˜ืข? 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืฆื›ื™ื ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ? 
ื•ื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก, 
ื›ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ืฆื ืึธื ื–ืขืŸ 
ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ: 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืข 
ืคืืจืžื•ืขืกืŸ, 
ืžื™ืจ -- ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืฒึทื™ึทืงืข 
ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ! 
:1 ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ! 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ, 
1 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ื’ึผืจืข ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ. 
ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื ืึธืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขื 


ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ -- 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข 
ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. 


: 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 


ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืฆืขืš. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทืคืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืœืขืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจ- 
ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทืฃ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉ- 
ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื“ืจื•ืง. 


ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉื- 
ื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืงืก ืจื™ืื ื˜. 
ื ื‘ื™ืจืื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืื ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™- 
1 


ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 


ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™. ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,ื ื ืฒึทืข ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืืก". 
ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืคื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื’ืข ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 
ื›'ื’ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท -- ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉืŸ -- 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื’? ืžื™ืš ืื”ืขืจืฆื• ืคื™ืจื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• 
ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื•ื™ืจื˜. 
ืจื•ืคื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผ;ื’ืขืฆืฐื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ ื’ืขื ืขืจื˜. 
ื™ืึธืจ --- ืืœื™ืฅ ืžืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื• ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ.. 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืืงืก ืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื• ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืื ืึถื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 6 ื˜ืขืžืข, ื ืึธืจ ื 
ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื•ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง-ื‘ืจื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. 
ืžืื›ืžืขืก ืžืื ื’? ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ, ื”. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•, ืž. ื‘ืึธืจื–ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ึนืคึผืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื•ืืก ืืจ- 
ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืคืึทื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ื˜ืืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฒึทืข ืžืึท- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืกืืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืจ ื ืกืืš. 


ืœ. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืง. 


ืข. ืคืืœืงืึธึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื’ืขื‘ื• 7 ืื™ืŸ 8 ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ. 


= ื™ื” ื™ื™ ื ื“ื™ืข 


ื›ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ? ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 


ืคึผืฉืฒึท ืคืืจืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ื- 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ) 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 
ืื•ืฑื™ืกืžืฒืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ึธืืœืขืงื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืค 
ืจืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื“ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืื ื™ื. 
ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืก-ื•ื•ืขื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™- 
ื–ื™ืฉ, ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผื“ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึดื•ื™ืšึฐ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึถืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ 
ืขื˜ืืคืŸ. ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืžืข ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจืก ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืคืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื™ื›ืขืจ- 
ืกืคืึธืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืกืืš ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื  ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ, 
ืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธืฉืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึถื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžืฑื™ื›ืขืจ-ืกืคึผืึธืจื™ื, ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืกืืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืคืืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื™ ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ื’ื•- 
ืคืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืงืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ 
ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืืŸ ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐ ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš 


ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 7. ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ื”ื™ 


ืคื ืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง; ืฆื•ื•ืฒื™ื˜ื ืก, ืืŸ ืฐืึธืก, ืžืขืจ ืžืข 
ืฉืืจืคื˜, ืžืข ืฉืœื•ื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืืœื™ืฅ ืงืœืขืจืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื“ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. 

ื•ื•ื™ึดืื–ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื•ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ ืขื - 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื›ืข. ืึธื˜ ืืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ื’ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืขื  ื ืจ ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืงืœื™ืื˜ืฉืข" (1888) ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ (1873): 

1. ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื— ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื™ื™ึทืจื™ืฉืข. ืœ; ืขืžืึทืฉืœ; 1) ืžืข- 
ืฉื•ืœืื›ืืกืŸ -- ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉืŸ; ื‘ื™ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก -- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท; ืžืืžืฆืข (ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ) -- ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜...; 
2) ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืฉืขืกื˜ืฐืึธ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืข; ืื™ืกืคึผืจืืฐื ืข 
-- ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš; ื ืื–ื ืื˜ืฉืขื˜ -- ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜... 

2. ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื•ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื” ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ึนืŸ ืกืœืืฐื™ืฉืข 
ืึธื“ืขื“ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื•ืึธื ืืœืข. ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ: 1) ื ืข- 
ืคืขืฉ (ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืคืขืฉ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื 
ืžื•ืฆืœืขืš -- ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืง; ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื–ืŸ ืฉืึธื•ื•ืข-ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืึธืฐืข -- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืข... 2) ืงืœื™ืื˜ืฉืข -- 
ืฉืงืืคึผืข; ืงืื ืื•ืข -- ืงืื ืืœ; ืคึผืึดื™ืขื“ื™ื ืึธืง -- 
ื“ื•ึนืขืœ... 

8 ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข--ืคืืœืงืก- 
ื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข: ืกืฐืขื“ืขื ื™ืขืก -- ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก; 
ืจืืกื›ืึธื“ืŸ -- ื”ื•ื™ืฆืึธืขืก; ื–ื™ืš ื ืืžืขืจืขื˜ -- ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื‘ืขื•ื– ื“ื™ื™ืข... 

4 ื”ืขื‘ืจืข!ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ: 1) ..ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื™ื ืข-ืฉืขื ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืŸ --...ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ...; 2) ืจืืกื•ื–ืฉื“ืื™ืขืŸ --- ืืจื™ื™ึทื’- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ืงื™ืจืขืก; ืคึผืึธืงืึธืจื ืข -- ืึธื ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง 

ื“ืขื ืงืึธืค.... 

ืคึผ. ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื•ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืคืืจื˜ืฒื™ึทื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ: ื–ืขื”ืืคืขืจื“? ื”ืึธืœืืš 


11 


ืœืขืžื™ืกืข -- ื–ืข ื”ืืคืขืจื“ืœ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจืจ?, ื”ืึธ- 
ืœืืš ืœืขืžื™ืกืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžื™ืกืข-ืžืขืฉื•ื ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื - 
ืžืขืŸ.. * 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ึน ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ึธืื–ื™ 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื“ืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื•ึน ืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื™ื™ ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ, 
ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื‘! ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืืจ ืžืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉืขืจ. ื“ืขื“ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืžื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ื‘ื™ื“ื ืขืจ" 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืงืœื™ื- 
ื˜ืฉืข" ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืค 


ื“ืขืจ 2 ืจ ืื•ืคืœืื ืข: ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ", 
,ืึธืจืขืžื™ื ืงืขืจ" ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขืจ"; ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ , ืžื•- 
ื˜ื˜ืขืŸ" - -ืคืฆื ื™ืงืŸ", / ,ืคืœืึธื’ืŸ"ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื‘- 


ืจืฒึทืขืก" ---,ืกืืงืึธื ืข". ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื•ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืœืื•ื™ืฉืข ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื“ื˜ ืืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื - 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ืืจื›ืื•ื–ืžืขืŸ (ืืœื˜- 
ื•ื•ืืจื’), ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจื™ื™ ื ืฒึทื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง. ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ืกื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื˜ืื 
,ืจื™ื™ื ืงืฒื™ึทื˜" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš, ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืข- 
ื ืขื ืคืืœ: ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืงื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืืกืึทืฆื•ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธื’, ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืงืœืื ื’, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ืขืš --ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืฉืึธืœื ื˜ ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืขืŸ ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืงืŸ. 

ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืžื™- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืฃ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืึธืจ ื“ึน 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ 
ืฉื˜ 7 ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื 
ื ื ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจ ื ืฉืืจืฃ ื™ื’ 

ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืืœื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ื ืคื•ึน 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื ื˜ืขื ื˜ืจ 1 
ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข 8 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืจ 8 ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ; 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืœืึธ ื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ืื˜ืืฆื™ืข, ืกืึธืฆื•ืืœ- 
ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืขื’ ืขืฉื˜ืื›ืขื ืกื•ื˜; ืคืื ืื˜ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื–ืขืž? ืงืจื™ืคึผืœืขืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื ื™ื›ืฆืŸ, ืžืข- 
ืœืืžื“ื™ื, ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ืจืื–ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 


ื˜ 
5 

ื™ืœ 

ื™ื™ 

1 


1 
ืฉ 


. ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืคื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืคืืจ 


ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืฒึท- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฆื•ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ื?, ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืข- 


* ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜- 
ื ื™ืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ,ืกืœืืฐื•ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ โ€ ื‘ื ืคืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ, 
,ื”ืขื‘ืจืข!ื–ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš", ืงื™ืขื•ื•, :199, ื ื•ืž. ?; 1928, 
ื ื•ืž. 3. 


1292 


ืžืขืŸ, ื›ืื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื 
ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ืžืขืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื“ืข- 


ื˜ 5 , ื• ื• 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ืข ืขื ื™ืฉ-ื”ืื ืึธืข, ืคืืจ- 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ื ื‘ื•ืจ, 
ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืขื’ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคึผืืจ- 

ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืก. 


ืขืžืขืก, ื•ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ื ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฆืข ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืฑื˜ื ืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืž?); 


ื“ื• ื™ื™ื•ื™- 


ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ.... ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ื™ ืกื™ืจ -- 


ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืืœืขืก-ืืŸ- 
ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ-ื–ืืง ืึธืšึฐ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืขื›-ืื•ืŸ-ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ-ื–ืืง 


| 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ, ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืข- 
ื“ 


ื–ื•ื–ืข. ื ืึธ ื“ืขื ืฉืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงื•ืฉ, 
ื“ืขื ืงื•ืฉ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 


ื–ื™ืก-ื™ื•ื•ืจืœ-; 
ืงืข-ืŸ'ื™ืคื• 


ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ 


ืŸ 
ืจืืื .ื" ืžืจื™ื™ื– 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 


ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 

ื‘ื›ืœื™ื™ื›ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืืžืฉืŸ" ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 

( ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ?", ื›ื•ืš 4 ืงืืคื™ืŸ ืจ 2 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, 

ื•ื•ืืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ืฐื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืขืงืกืคึผ ืข! ืืฃ ืืœืข 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืงืกืคืจ. ืกื•ืื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืข- 


ืฐืึธืจืŸ! ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื–ืขืค ืื™ 


ืฉืขืคืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฆื•ื•ื ื’ 
: 


ืฆื•ื ืื™ื™ื“ืขืž?. ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืก 
ื”ื™ ืืฉ 6 ืœืข 
ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืื•ื• ื™ืจืขืงื˜ 


ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืขืง 


ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื›ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ: ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืœืขืก-ืื•ืŸ-ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ-ื–ืืง -- ื 
,ื–ืืง" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ โ€ ื–ืขืง?"; ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื”ืขื ื˜? ---ื , ื”ืขื ื˜?" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืื ื˜"; 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื ื˜? ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื–ื–ืข; ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขื‘. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœืขืจ, 
ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜, ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ! ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืืงืคื™ืจ 
ื›ืื ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื‘ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืคืŸ ื–ืืฆื‘ื•ื™. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืื ื ื 
ื•ื•ืืง (ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“), ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื- 
ืฆื•ืžื•ื ื“ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉืข 

ื’ืจืืกืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืก. ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื˜ ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ: ื™ 
ื ื–ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ื ืคืจื•ืžืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืงืขืคึผืœ; ืืŸ 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ, ื ื‘ืœืฒืš ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ, ื 
ื“ืืจืก; ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“?; ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ืจืœืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืืฑื™ื’; ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ (ื“ื™ืš, ื–ื™)... ื 
ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธ. ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“, ื 
ืคืจื•ืžืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืข(ืจ) ืงืขืคึผืœ; ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ื™ืง- 


ืขื™ 
ืจ ืื™ 


* ื‘ื ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ,, ืœืืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ... ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ืืžืฉื•ื™ืžืขืŸ.... 


ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ, ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ, ื ื“ืืจืขืจ; 
ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื›ืขืจื“ืœ; ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ (ื“ื™) ืžื™ื™ื“?; ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’; ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ (ื“ื™ืจ, ืื™ืจ).. 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืคืฐื™- 
ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ื’ืขืคืื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืขืŸ-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืŸ (ืคื•ืŸ 28 ื™ื•ืŸ 
8) ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ: ,..ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง? ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืืžืึธืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜- 


ืฉื™ 
ื•ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืฒื™ื–ืŸ"*. 


ื ื”ื•ืžืคืขืจืจื™ืงืŸ โ€ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ = 
ืจืืš. ื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื™ ืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ ,ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ" 

ื˜ืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 


'ืฉืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืจื ืŸ-ืข 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขื“ืื˜ื•ืจ (1883), ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื˜ืฒื™ืœืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ , ืคื•ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ- 
ืฉืžืื˜ืขืžืื›ืขืจ", ืฐื™ ืฉืึธืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœ- 
ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
,ื”ื ืจืฆืจืฒึทืกื ื“ืข", , ,ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ื™ื– ื™ื ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข" ื‘ื•ืœ- 
ืขื•, ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ืžื™- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ,. ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคื ืจื“ืฒื˜ืฉืžืขืจื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ- 
ืฆื•ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืคืืจื“ืืจื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืึธืœืงืก ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ?"". 

ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขื”ืก ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื“ืขื“ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืื˜ืขืง", ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึธืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ 18868. 

ืคืืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ" ื™ื ื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ,ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ" ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ,ืื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ 
ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืœืึธืฉื ืงืฑื“ืขืฉ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ", ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงืœืึธืœื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ: 


* ื“ืขืจ ,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื- 
ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ,ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืื ืง" ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืขืก ืฆื•ื 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ,ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืœืงืกื‘ืœืื˜", ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื™. ืœืขื•ื•ื™, ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง, ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจื™ื•ื ื’, ื 
ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื•ื™ ื–ืข: ืฉ. ืœ. 
ืฆื™ื˜ืจืึถึธืŸ. ื“ืจืฒึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื•ึนืจื•ืช, ื‘. 9, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 1992). 

** ื–ืข: ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœืฒื™ื›ืขื. ืฉืึธืžืขืจืก 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜; ืฉ. ืœ. ืฆื™ืก ืจ ืึธืŸ. ื“ืจืฒึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข 
ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘. 1, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 1992. 


,1. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืžืข 
ืจืขืจื˜. 

2. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉืจืฒืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืคึผ 
ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

8 ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธื ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฉืืจื’ ืึธืŸ, ื“ื”. ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืคืืจืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื™ืŸ-ืื"... 

ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื•ืขืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืฉืึธืœ 
ืึธืŸ, ืื– , ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ .ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ:; ื ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉ, ืืœืก ืคื™ื˜ืฐ 0 ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ืžืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืงืจืื•ื ืข... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืึธื˜ืขืง" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืขืจืกืคื˜ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื• ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ ื’ืข ื™ื™ืจ 00 ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืึธื›ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ, ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธืŸ"...* 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ , ื‘ืืฉืฒืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš", , ืงืœืึทืžืคึผืขืจืฉื˜", 
,ืžืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜", , ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒ", = ืงืื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืก", 
,ืžืื›ื˜ื™ื™ืกืข", ,ืื™ ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ ืื”ื• ,ื ื™ืฉืงืึทืฉืข,, 
,ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ,ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคื™- 
ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง... 

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืึธืœืขื. -ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก 
ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื˜ืขื“ื ืืฆื•ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ืžืขืŸ; , ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืืจืฒืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืจ ืขืž ื“ืข ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื–ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ 


ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ; ', ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", ,ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง", 


ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ื’ื" , ,ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง", , ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข", 
{ืคืื ืื˜ื™ื–ื", ,ืงืึธืžื™ื–ื" ืื•ึนืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข; ื ื™ืฉ- 
ืงืึธืฉืข, ืขืก ืžืขื’ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ; ืฉืขื ืขืจืข ืœืข- 
ืฉื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืืœืก ืฆื•ึน ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš". 

ืฆื•ืœืขืฆื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ!ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืึธื–, ืื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
,ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื›ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืค ื™ื ืฆืฉืขืจ", ืฐืฒึทืœ 
,ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืง'. โ€ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืฃ ืืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืข- 
ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืืจื›ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืง; ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ื™ื- 
ืฉืขืจ-ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ึนืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฉืจืฒืฒึทื‘ืขืจ". 

ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก. ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืืŸ 

* ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
,ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ", ,ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ึดื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจื!ื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•- 
ืงืจื!ื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 


ืืฉ 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ , ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืกืฒึท 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ", ืขืก ื ื ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืึธืŸ , ืคึผืจืึธืคืขื˜ืŸ", 
,ืขื ื’ืขืคึฟืŸ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื”ืึธื›ืฆืฒึทื˜" :ื• ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ึธื“ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
,ืฉืœื™ึทื›ื˜ืŸ", โ€ ืคืืจื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ", , ื‘ืืจื™ืงื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ" 

ื”ืื’ืื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ 


,ื ืขืฐื™ึธื™ื', ,ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื', ,ื›ืืกืขื ืข" ืึธื“ืขืจ: 
,ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ" {(ืืฒึทื ืจืขื’ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ, ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ, ืžืื›ืŸ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื...), โ€ ืืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ" (ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 


ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ...), โ€ , ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื›ื˜" (ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ...). ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืื•ืžื›ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ 


ืฉืจืฒื™ึทื‘ืŸ ,, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื", , ืฆืžื—ื™ื", , ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™" 
(ืืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฆืžืึธื›ื™ื, ื‘ืขืžืขืฉืขื“ ื™ืขืžื™ื™ ื›ืื™ื˜), 


ื‘ื™ืจ 
ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง 


ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ", 
,ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ" ืึธื“ืขืจ , ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก. ืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆ!ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื 
ืึธื“ืขื“, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
,ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ", , ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ึธืจืŸ"*", ืฐืขืŸ 
ื’ืื ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 

ื™ ื ืœืึธื“ 


ื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืฒึท- 


ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธ ื• 


, ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืกืŸ" (ืฉ 


ืจ ืฆื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ" 


ื•ืŸ|, 
ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘5ืค. 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืœืขื“ ืื™ื– ืื’ืขื•ื• 
ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื‘ืื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ + ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืึธ- 
ืขื ื˜ืงืฒืฒึทื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ืŸ, ื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ืืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืื™ื– , ืžืขืจ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉ, ืืœืก ืœื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉ... 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื•ืึธื˜ืขืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
,ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™? ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ" (ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืื•- 
ืงืจื!ื ื™ืฉืข). ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ื ืคืืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ 
ืื•ึนืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ื™ื•ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ ืœืึธืฉืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื- 


ืžืื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืงืจืื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ (ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ) 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืฐื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ื ืกืืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ (ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืœืขืคื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทืงืœ 


ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืืงืกืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง-ื‘ืขืจ ืœึถืข- 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื•ืจืึธื-ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื.), ืžืขื ื“ืข- 
ืœืข ื’ื•ืคืข, ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง-ื™ื•ื™ืขืœ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ืื•ื•ืจืึธื ื’ืึถืœื“- 
ืคืื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธื’ืจืืฃ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ""*, ืฉืึธ- 
ืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 


* ื“ืขืฆื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ -- ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ; ืจ ืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ--ืงื™ืจืฆืŸ, ืคืืจืงืœืข- 
ื ืขืจืŸ, ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ {ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ), ืึธืคึผืฉืืคืŸ; 
ืง ืึด : ื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืจืŸ--ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืคื™ืจืŸ (ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืฆื•ึถืขืŸ) ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ... 

** ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืข ืคืืœืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. 

*** ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ: ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ}-- 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ" ืื•ืŸ ,ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ--ื™!ืจื™ืฉ". 


1244 


ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ. ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืืš (ืึธืจื˜ืึธืขืคึผื™ืข). 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœึดื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ (ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจ ื ืฐืึธืก ืื™- 
ืจืข ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 

ืคึผื“ื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื›ืขืจืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื” ื 
ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ึธืืœืขืงื˜, ืืคืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ึนื™- 
ืœื™ืฉืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ื™ืฅืŸ, ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื.), 
ื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืจืข 


ื” 
ืจื•ื ื˜ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
: 


ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืœื˜ ื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืฉ-ืฐื•ืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืืš. 
ื”ืืงืœืืœ, ืฉืึธืœ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ืืงื˜ื•ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ ืงืขื“ืฆ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ื˜ื•ื˜ืฃ 


ืข 
ืขืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื™ ื™ 


1 
+ 6 
ื˜ ; 


ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ 

ืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ 

ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข, ืื ื˜ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืžืึธืงืจ: 

ืฐื•ื™ ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืฐื•ื™ -- 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืื˜" ืคื•ืŸ 1887 ื‘ื™ื– 1890. 
ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜. 
ืฉืืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืงื•ื ืกื˜. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืื• ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจ ืืš. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื›ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ืขืกืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืฆื• ื‘ื•ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข ืฆื• ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข. 
ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ: ืื™ืŸ 353 ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืื“ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
4. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื ืฆืข ืื‘- 
ืฆืŸ. ื“ืขื“ื‘ืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 


ืื•ื™ืš ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืŸ ,ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ" ืืฃ , ืฐืึธืก", , ืึธื ืคึผืื ื’" --, ืึธื - 
ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข? -- ,ื˜ืื", , ื’ืขืจืขืฉืขื˜" -- 


ื˜ืคื•ื•ื˜ื›ืฆื™ "ื 


ื’ืขืคื• ื‘ื˜ื™ = 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ --ื“ื™ โ€ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ, ืคึผื•ืจื™ืžืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ , ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ, ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก- 


ื˜ืขืก, ืžืืจืงื–ื™ืฆืขืจื ืก, ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืื“ื›ืึธื ื™ื. ืžืขืง- 
ืœืขืจ, ืžืขืœืืžื“ื™ื, ืจืื‘ืึธื ื™ื, ื’ืื‘ืึธื™ึดื, ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, 
ืคื•ืจืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื- 
ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ึนื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผื™ืฒืฒึทื ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืฒื™ื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื’ืจื- 
ืฆื™ึดืขื–ืข ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื ื“ืขืจ- 


* ืฉืึธืœ ืข ื-ื ืคืฒ ื›ืขื. ืืœืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘. 1, 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1948, ื–. 894--928. 


ื–ืžืจ 


ื—ื•-ืฉืฉืฃ - 


ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื“ืื“. ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ืœืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืœืฒื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ---ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืืฉืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื’ื•ื˜- 

ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจ 
ืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื–. ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ 
:ื ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ืžืฒึท- 

ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืขืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ื. ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, 
ื™ืคืœ ืคืึทืœืงืกื›ืึทื›ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืงื›ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืกืคื™ืคืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื ืžืฒึทืกืข! ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ื ื™ื  7 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืจ ื ืืœืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฉืข ืงืื•ื•ืึธ- 
ื ืขืก ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืง, ืื™ ืง ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉ ื– ื–ืืฅ ื™ื™ 


ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืฉื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ ื™ื“ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืืฆื‘ื•ื™, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ื- 


ืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืคืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืืž- 
ืฆืึธืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ ื‘ื 
ื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทื–ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืœืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืฒึทืŸ, ืืฃ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ ื“ืขื ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, 


2 


ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจืŸ ื“ืฒึทื“ืขืžื•ืึธื˜ื• = ื™ื•ื™ื 
ื’ืœืื 'ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืฆื• ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ืคืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืคึผื•ื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืขื“ ื›ื ืื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืึธืก ืกืขืœื ื™ืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื–ืฉืืจื ืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื˜ืข. ืกืึธื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืžืขื ืื›ืขื- 
ืžืขื ื“ืง", ืฐืึธืก, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืืœื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื‘ ืืฃ 
ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธ- 
ืžืืŸ ,ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื", ืฐืึธืก ,ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื•- - ื“ืจื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืฐืืจืคืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ืœืึทืฉื ืงืฑื“ืขืฉื“ื™ืงืก, ื•ื•ืึธืกืขืจ-ื ื™ื˜- 


ืื™ื–, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืคึผืืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ืœืึทืฉื ืงื•ื™- 
ืจืขืฉ". 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขื, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 


ืฉืข ืื•ึนืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื 2 ื›ื“ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื ืฉืœืืœ 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื  ื˜ืœืขืš, ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, + ืฐืฐื•ืึธืจื˜- 
ื˜ืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ืกืืš 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื”ืืจ ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœืฒื›ืขืžืก ืฉืืคืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืžืขื“ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืกืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื - 
ื“ืขื“, ืื ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื›ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื›ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™- 
ืื“ื•ื ื’ืขื›ืขืกืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื“ืขืจื ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ. 


(ืคืึธืฃื” ืงื•ืžื˜) 


ื™ {ืฉ * 


ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืก ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง 


ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืžืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผืœืขื™ืื“ืข ืœืื•ึผืจืขืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืงืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืœืขืงืกืื - 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืืจื“ืึธืฐืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืฐืฒึทื˜-ื ืึธืš- 
ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ื“. ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืจืข- 
ืžื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืึด- 
ืงืึธืคื™ืขื• -- ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™"ืขืจ ,ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ืœื- 


ื“ื•ื™ื™ = ืจืฒึทื–ืข", = *ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื˜ืจ 
ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื• ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื• 


ืื™ืขืจ ืžื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸืŸ; 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื›ืื•ืœ ืคื˜ืขืœืžืืš 
-- ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืœืึธื’ื™ืข ,ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ืฉืคืึธ- 
ื‘ืข", ,ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื‘ืœืŸ ื•ืค ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ" 
ืื•ืŸ , ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืœืฅ" -- ืืŸ ืขืคึผื™ืฉ ืœืฒึทื•ื•ื ื˜, ื’ืข- 

ืจืื™ 


ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืงืจื! 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืฑืขืจื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื 
ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜; ื“ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึท ื ื‘ืขืจ 
ืจืื˜ืก ืกืžื•ึผื•? -- ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืง -- ,ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื–ื‘ื•ืš". 


ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ- -ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื• ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•- 
ื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ืจืขื›ึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืขืŸ. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจ-ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืŸ ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืคืฐื•ืขืจื“ืœืึธื•ื•ืกืง ื›ื- 
ืจืื ืกืง. 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืคึผืขืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื˜ื™ืข -- ืื•ืœืืŸ-ืื•ื“ืข (ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•? ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ) 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืก- 
ืงื•ื•ืข, ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืื•ืจื?, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ื›ืืงืืกื™ืข, ืงืืœืžื™ืงื™ืข ืื. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ,ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื•ืื ืืœืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 

ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ" ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื ืืžื–ืฉื™? ื‘ืืœื“ืื ืึธ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขื 211ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธ- 
ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขืคื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. 


42 


ื“ื™ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืก. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. 


16 


ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง 


ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 


ื• 
ื–ืขืงืกื‘ ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ -ืื•ื™ืก 


{ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง 


: ืง, ื‘. ืื™ื•ื•ืื ื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื. ื˜ื ื™, 
3. ื˜ืขื ืงืึธ, ื™. ื’ื•ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉ, ื‘. : 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืข. ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ื ื. ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸ. 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


ืื™ื• ื“ืข ืขืŸ 
58 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืคืื“ืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ึดื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ึธื“ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึทื ืก ื’ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง" 
ืื•ืŸ ืึถืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ,ืืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื• * 


ื ืคึผืึถืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืื•ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก. ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 


-- ืคื•ืŸ. ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื, = ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข = ืžื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื›ืคึผืึธืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง-ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคึผืขืจืขื™ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืš ื“. ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื’ืก ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™- 
ืจืื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 280 ื˜ืฑื™ื ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคืœื™ืืจ. ืึถืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 10 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื›ืขื ื“ื™ืฉ 
ืคึผืขืŸ-ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืข: 
,ื”ืืœืขืฐืฒึท ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธื“ืŸ ืื–ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉืŸ". ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกื 
ื ื™ื ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืฅืŸ-ืงืœืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืืก ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก. ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืข-ื™- 
ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืคืึธืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก", ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืฐืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ.. ,ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฆืึธืœืŸ", ืื– ,ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™? ืืฃ ืขืงืก- 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜", ืื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ , ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื’- 
ื”ื™ืŸ ืก'ืงื•ึผืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“, 


ืฒ 
: 
ื ึถืจ 


ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš". ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ. 


ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ,ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื"- 
ืกื˜ื™ืœ! 

ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื”ืื˜ 


ืฐ 


ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฉื ืขืœ ืฆืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืšืจ ,ืขืงืก- 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜", ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื• ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืข- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืข- 
ื“ืขื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื•ืขืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ. 


ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ 


ืกื˜, ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 
ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื›ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ื•, ืื™ ืฒ ืฉืจืฒื™ืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืขืงืก ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืื–ืขืœ- 

ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
. ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื™ืข- 
ื™ึถืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขื™ืŸ 
-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก, 
ืฉื™ืคื• ื ืงืึธ, ืฉื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื–, ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข-ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืขืš ืœื•ืจื™ืข, ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืื‘ื™ืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืข 


ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 


ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงื- 
ื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ ,ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ". ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ื- 
ื‘ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ืคื•ื ื“ืืžืขื ื˜ืืœ 


ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง 


ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฐื•ืฒื–ื˜ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 


ืื ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขื 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืก- ืŸื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ , ืžืึธ ื ื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜-ืžืฒึท ื™ึทืกื˜ืขืจืก -- ืž. ื’ืึถืจ- 
ืงื™, ื–ื•. ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื. ื‘ืœืึธืง, ืก. ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ, 
ืข. ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฆืงื™, ื. ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืื™, 1. ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™, 
ื. ืคืื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•, ืง. ืคึฟืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืก. ืžืืจืฉืืง ืื. 


ืŸ; ืก. 


ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื , ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข? ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงื ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ -- ืื™ื‘ ื˜ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ื‘ื•ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื™ึถืขื“ื•ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืืื•. 

ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื. ืกื•ืจืงืึธื•. 


ื›ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื‘ืืœื›ื™ืก ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื–ื™ืกืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื‘ืืœื›ื™, 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืืกืŸ ,200 ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜- 


2 


ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข". ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ 
ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ึดืขืกื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื›ื™ืฐื™ ื”ืื‘ืืœ- 


ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืคึผื™ืงืึธืจืกืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ืฐื•ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืขื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจืฆื? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


1 ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืข- 
ืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ,ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ืขื™ื–ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 66 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจ! ื˜ืข ,ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™- 
ื“ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

,ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ืจืืฉื™ื”" ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื›ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื”ื™ืž? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืข ืฐืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื”ืึธื. ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืฉ -ืื•ืคื’ืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ , ื›ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื›ืืฉืืคืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 6 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™- 
ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ, ื–ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื›ื™ืง ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš". 

,ืื•ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืึธึถื“ืึธืžืขืŸ: ื•ื• 


,ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื•ื™ืขื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืื‘ืœ, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื•ื™ืขืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื›ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื– ื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืงืขืจ" 


,ื ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฉืขืฉืึทื ืข 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืž. ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืขื”ืก ื‘ื•ืš, 
ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“?. ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื. 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืกืืš ื–ืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื +? 
ืœืขืš. ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฐื™- 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 


ื“ืขืจื˜, ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืคื™ื™ืงืขืก, ืื•ื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืง- 
ืกื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’, ื“ืขืจืฐื˜ื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜: 


ืœืขืš ืื•ึนืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื›ืืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืคืืงื˜ืŸ, ืืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื•ื™ื“ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืข- 
ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืš, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™:- 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 

ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ืžืขื ื“ืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืคืึธืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืจ. ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžืืžืขืฉ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืข- 


ืขืคื ื˜. 
ืž. ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืขืจืก ื›ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืœืขื›ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉ 


--- 100 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ. 


,ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ" 


ืืŸ ืืœื ืึธื ืืฐื˜ืึธืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ-ื’ืจืืคื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืื ื›ื•ื ืงืืค- 
ึผืืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืคืกืกื•. ื“ืขืจ ืืœื›ืึธื 


127 


ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืงื•ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ืŸ-ื‘ื™ื‘?ื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืืคึผืœืื ืก ืื•ื•- 
ื˜ืึธืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ืฐืขืจืง : 

ืก ื’ืจืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื˜. ืงืืคึผืœืื ืก ื 
ื ืฒึทืขื“ ืืœื‘ืึธื -- ืืฐื˜ืึธืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื ืื•ืœื™ื•ื- 
ืžื”ืืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก โ€ ื˜ืขืฐื™ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ". ืืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื ืขืจืขื ื‘ื•ืจื’. 


ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ 


ืื™ื ืขื ืงืื ื˜ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ-ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืงืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื . ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืฉืงืึธ ืฐืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ื ื“ืึธืก ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื™ื•ื™- 
ืกืขืฃ ื‘ื•ืžืื’ื™ืŸ. ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื  ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ืžืื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ื“ืš ืืคืŸ ื“ื–ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข. ื. ืกืžืขืœืึธืฐืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืš ื’ืขื•ื• 
ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื•ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืž 
ืจืขืš. ื ื“ื™ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขื“ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 


- 
ื“ื™ 


ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื“ 


ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื ืกืืžื›ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืคื•ืœืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•- 
ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืึธืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืข-- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 300 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืžื™ื ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืืฃ ื”ืฒึท ื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง -- ,ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึธ" (ืื™ื•- 
ื˜ืึธืจ -- ืž. ืคึผืืงืฆื™ึดืขืจ, ืจืขื–ืฉื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืข. ืงืึธืœื˜ืขื ื™ื•ืง) 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื‘? ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืืค. ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจื!- 
ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘- 
ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืงืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืคืฐืขืจื“ืœืึธื•ื•ืกืง, 
ืกืื“ืื˜ืื•ื•... 

ื“ืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื›? ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึถื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืžื™? ื”ืึธืจืึธืฐื•ืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืืคื˜ืจืึธ- 
ืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึทึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 


5ืจ 


ื”ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื™ื•ืกืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจ ืจ 
ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืืฐื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
-- ืž. ืงื•ืœื‘ืืงืก ืคึผื™ืขืกืข , ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืจืข". ืžื™ื˜ ืืง 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ , ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ , ืคืจื™ื™- 
12 , ,ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ , ื‘ื•ื™ื˜- 
ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื? ืฉื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื› ืฆื™ืง ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ื–ืฒืขืจ ื–ื•ืืจืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผื- 
ืœืืฆืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืŸ 


ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืื“!ืึธ ืืื•ื•. 


ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข 
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ - ืฐืืžืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก ืœื™ื“ 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืข ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ 
ืจื•ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื• ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง-ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉืขืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืกื˜ 

ืจื•ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื˜ื™ 2 ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืขืคืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 

ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ืจื™ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื•ื” ืื– ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืื• ืœืึธื– , ืขืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ... 

ืจื•ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก ืื ืืœื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื•ื•ืขื–ื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ื‘ืื“ืื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 


"ื™ืฉ 
6 ื™ื™ืžืช 4ื“ื/ืกื•ืขื— /008810811,, 80ื–ืกืžืช 4ื“ืื” 13 


.17 ,1642082 .ืฅืข !;ืงื–ืฐืก/! ,2100882 :2ืช2ืฐืงืฆืืœ ืืฉืื”ืชืกืง ืกืกืงืชื 


9 } -- ื˜ืง2ื“ืกืฐ068ืก //018610:8614481 


,8-27-91 8 ืงืกื“ืื”ืชืกืง ื”ื•ืžื•ื•ืืชืชืช :ื•ืืกืขืกืชืก 


.8-49-42 ื˜ --- 200ืงืช0ืขืช60 {ื– ืืืื“ื•ืงื ืชืก2ื“ืก ;90:07:-8 8 --ื0934ื— 6 ื•ืขื‘ืกืงื— ื ื˜ืชืกืชื“ืก 


21600448 .21 +/, ืงืกื“ื ืชืกื ื› 1ื•1ืืกืกื ื™ื–ื•ื’ืืกื” 11 018611112111ืกืืขืกื’ืฅ ื 


.7026108:/14 ื•ื•ื—ื•ื’ืฅืก ื“ื’ื•ืืงืกืกืก .ืืค 000 25 ืืง -ืช 1961 2/6111 ื•ื•ื“ื”ืฉืกื” 16 ืก8ืกื•ื•ื—ื”ืกื“ืŸ 
9603 .388 .ื—ืกื 50 1}688 .ืช 1/4 8ืืชื ืชืื-1 .ืช .ืขืก ,(10.96) 8 .ืช .ื˜ืกื“ื– 


.03ืฆืงื”ื8ืกืกืงืกื–ืกืก!ื 2 ืฉืืŸ ืืฐืงื’ืงื–ืกืชืฐื“ ืื”ืืกืžืกืื˜ืกื•ืืŸ 


ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืคึผืจืึธืจืึธืงืึธืฐ, 
ืœืื•ึผืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคืจืขืžื™ืข 


ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืคึผืจืึธืจืึธืงืึธื•ื•ืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ: ื“ืึธ 
ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ. 

..ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืงืึธืคึผื ื˜ื™ื›ืœืขืš. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืคึผื˜ 


| ืฉื• 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข -- ื ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืข -- ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึท- 
ื ืขื: ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืฐืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืง ืคึผืฒึทืขื“ืœ. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข -- ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜-ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆืืจ ืื•ืŸ 


1 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกื ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ึน ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ,ื‘ืื ื‘ืื‘ื™-ื™ืืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืฒึทื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืขืจื™ืข , ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ". 
ืื™ื– ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ -- ,ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ". ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ 
ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“. ื›ืื ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืคึผืขื ืขืž?, ืฐื•ื™ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 

ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 

ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’, ืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก. 

ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืคึผืจืึธืจืึธืงืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื’ืขืคืืจ. 


-2ืŸ +- 


ืž. ืื™ื˜ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ื˜ืฉ. 


ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 


ื˜ืื•-ื•ืกืืก ืกืืก 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉื• ื•ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 


;ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 


ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคึผืึทืขืžืขืก, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 


,ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ: 

ื ืึทื›ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื˜ืงืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืืœื˜ืžืืŸ, ื ืื˜ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืžืืŸ, 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืขืจ, ืžืฒืขืจ ืืงืกืขืœืจืึทื“, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืึทืฉืขืจืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืจื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข, 
ืื™ื˜ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืจื•ื›ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืกืืœื•ื•ืื“ืึทืจ ื‘ืึทืจื–ืฉืขืก, ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืจืึทื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื™ืž- 
ืฐืึทืœ, ื›ืื™ึดื ื‘ืฒื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืœืึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึทื–ืงื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื’ืึทื•ื•ืกืง", 
ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืจืึทืžื‘ืขืจื’, ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืžืืŸ, ืืฐื•ืจืึทืก ื’ืึทื ื˜ืืจ, ืขืœื™ืข ื’ืึทืจื“ืึทืŸ, ืฉืึทืœืขื 
ื’ืึทืจื“ืึทืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืึทืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื’ืึทืจืฉืžืืŸ, ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึทืจืฉืžืืŸ, ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื˜ืขืฐื™ืข ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึทื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ, ืžืึทื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ึผืฐืžืืŸ, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื“ืึทื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื›ืื™ึดื ื“ืึทื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ, ืฉื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื–, ืื•ื™ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื“ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื™ ื”ืึทืคึผืฉื˜ื™, 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืœืžืึทื ื“, ืืจืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ืขืจ, ืœื™ื•ื‘ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืžืืŸ, ืืžืืœื™ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ืžืืŸ, ื›ืึทื ืข 
ืฐืฒึทื ืขืจืžืืŸ, ื–. ืฐืขื ื“ืจืึทื•, ืืจืŸ ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก, ืก. ืฐืขืจื™ื˜ืข, ื ืื˜ืืŸ ื–ืื‘ืืจืข, ื›ืื™ึทื 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ, ื›ืืกืงืœ ื˜ืื‘ืื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืึทื•, ืžืึทื˜ืœ ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขืฐื•ืกืงื™, ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืฉืœืขืจ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืฃ, ื–ื™ืืžืข ื˜ืขืœืขืกื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื˜ืฉืขืจ. 
ื ื™ืืง, ืœื™ื•ื‘ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืง, ืœืฒืจ ื™ืืžืคึผืึทืœืกืงื™, ืคื™ื™ืกื™ ื™ืื ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื™ืื ืงืœ ื™ืืงื™ื”, 
ื™ืื ืงืœ ื™ืึทืกืื“ืข, ืžืฒืขืจ ื™ืขืœื™ืŸ, ืžืฒืขืจ ื›ืืจืืฅ, ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืึทืœืึทื“ืขื ืงืึท, ื“ืฐืฑื™ืจืข 
ื›ืึทืจืึธืœ, ื“ืึทืจืข ื›ืฒึทืงื™ืŸ, ื ืึทื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืข, ืขืคืจืึทื™ึดื ืœืฑื˜ืขืจ, ื›ืื™ึดื ืœืฑืฆืงืขืจ, ื™ืขืฉื•ืข 
ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืžื™ืจืกืงื™, ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืžื™ืฉืข ืœืขืฐ, ื™ืื ืงืขืฐ ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ, ื›ืื ืข ืœืขืฐ?, 
ื™ืึธืกืœ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ื›ืื™ึดื ืžืืœื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ื•ื–ื™ ืžื™ืœืขืจ, ื›ืื™ื ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“, ื›ืื™ื ื ืื“ืขืœ, 
ืžืฑืฉืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืžืึทื˜ืœ ืกืืงืฆื™ืขืจ, ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืกืขื ื“ืขืจื™, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ืกืขืจืขื‘- 
ืจื™ืื ื™, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ, ืœื™ื‘ ืคื•ืœืฐืขืจ, ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ ืคืืœื™ืงืžืืŸ, ืขืœื™ืข ืคืืœืงืึท- 
ืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื‘ืข ืคื™ื ืงืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื ืึทื›ืขื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ, ืกืึทื ื™ืข ืคืจืฒึท, ืืฐืจืึธืก ืงืื”ืืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ืžืข ืงืึทื˜ื™ืง, ื™ื™ืกืขืฃ ืงืึทื˜ืœื™ืืจ, ื–ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ ืงืึทืžืคืื ืฒืขืฅ, ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืงื™ืค- 
ื ื™ืก, ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ืงื™ืจื™ื˜ืฉืื ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืงืขืจืœืขืจ, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืงืจืืฐืฆืึทื•, ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืื‘', 
ืกื™ืึทืžืข ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืงืึทื•, ืžืืจืง ืจืื–ื•ืžื ื™, ืœื™ื™ืžืข ืจืึทื–ื ื”ื•ื–, ืžืขื ื“? 
ืจืึทื–ื ื”ืฑื–, ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืคืจืึธื™ึดื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืžืืŸ, ืฉืœืฑืžืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืžืืŸ, ืžืืงืก ืจื™ืื ื˜, 
ื™ืื ืงืœ ืจื™ื•ืขืก, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจืขืœืขืก, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง, ืž. ืฉืืฅ-ืื ื™, ืžืฑื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืœืžืืฃ 
ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืืŸ, ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ืขืจื’, ืขืœื™ืข ืฉืขื›ื˜ืžืืŸ ื™ึดืขื›ื™ึทืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. : 


ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
,,ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“"! 


6 ื“ืก 2118016ืฉ8 ืฉ101{ืกื˜ืง 806ื ื— 1789 (16112ื”ืžื— 15ื 1' 


1161148296 1016019 ?000021100 


ืคื™ื˜ 08 


ื‘ืชืกืก. 16ื˜1ื˜ืก-604100190)ืก1ื1 
1ื–ืกืก.1016ื’ื•ืก-100150ืฅ//:ืคืงืŸื•ื–ื— 


ืž/0800ืžื˜0ืก? 6049(ืกื–ืง 146711896 106 0)